Diseases Of The Endocrine System

Question 1

What are the two different portions of the pituitary gland?

Answer 1

Adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis (infundibulum is the stalk that connects the gland)

Question 2

What does growth hormone deficiency manifest?

Answer 2

Causes growth disorders in children and leads to abnormal composition in adults.

Question 3

What does FSH and LH deficiency cause?

Answer 3

Causes menstrual disorders, infertility, and decreased sexual function and women, and the loss of secondary sexual characteristics in males.

Question 4

What does TSH deficiency cause?

Answer 4

Causes growth retardation and children and features of hypothyroidism and both adults and children.

Question 5

What does ACTH deficiency cause?

Answer 5

Leads to decreased production of adrenal cortical hormones.

Question 6

Results from a growth hormone deficiency. Growth retardation may become evident in infancy and persists throughout childhood. Child’s growth curve may range from flat with no growth, to shallow, showing little growth.

Answer 6

Pituitary dwarfism

Question 7

What are the symptoms and signs of pituitary dwarfism?

Answer 7

Slow growth for the aged five years, absent or delayed sexual development, in short stature and height for age.

Question 8

How do you treat pituitary dwarfism?

Answer 8

Hormone replacement therapy

Question 9

Is a rare condition that is usually caused by damage to the pituitary gland or the hypothalamus.

Answer 9

Adult growth hormone deficiency

Question 10

What are the signs and symptoms of adult growth hormone deficiency?

Answer 10

Increased body fat, reduced exercise capacity, impaired heart function, reduced muscle mass and abnormal lipid profile

Question 11

How do you treat adult growth hormone deficiency?

Answer 11

Hormone replacement therapy

Question 12

Is a rare condition of growth hormone excess that occurs during childhood. Prior to closure of the epiphyseal growth plate, excess growth hormone stimulates excessive linear growth. Most common cause is benign tumor of the pituitary gland.

Answer 12

Gigantism

Question 13

What are the signs and symptoms of gigantism?

Answer 13

Bone length increases rapidly, delayed sexual development

Question 14

How do you treat gigantism?

Answer 14

There is no treatment

Question 15

A condition that results from excess growth hormones after growth plate fusion has occurred. Most common cause is a pituitary tumor.

Answer 15

Acromegaly

Question 16

What are the signs and symptoms of acromegaly?

Answer 16

Enlargement of feet, hands, space as bones grow in diameter; soft tissue growth; nose, lips, lower job protrude, and skin thicken.

Question 17

How do you treat acromegaly?

Answer 17

There is no treatment

Question 18

Decreased secretion or action of ADH results in the syndrome.

Answer 18

Diabetes insipidus

Question 19

What are the signs and symptoms of diabetes insipidus?

Answer 19

Polyuria, polydipsia

Question 20

How do you treat diabetes insipidus?

Answer 20

Administer ADH

Question 21

Which gland regulates the metabolic rate?

Answer 21

Thyroid (with thyroxine)

Question 22

May affect almost all body functions. The severity of this ranges from mild with unrecognized symptoms, to striking symptoms such as mental status changes, extreme and prolonged fatigue, weight gain, swelling or complaints of cold in the hands and feet, menstrual irregularities, muscle aches, and hair sitting.

Answer 22

Hypothyroidism

Question 23

What causes hypothyroidism?

Answer 23

Primary disease of the thyroid gland, autoimmune disease, radioactive iodine, dietary iodine deficiency, lithium

Question 24

How do you treat hypothyroidism?

Answer 24

Thyroid hormone replacement

Question 25

Hypothyroidism of a newborn. Most often the result of hypoplasia, aplasia, and failure of the thyroid gland to migrate to his normal anatomical position. Caused by excessive maternal iodine intake during pregnancy.

Answer 25

Congenital hypothyroidism

Question 26

What are the symptoms and signs of congenital hypothyroidism?

Answer 26

Physical and mental sluggishness, poor muscle tone, umbilical hernia, protruding abdomen, bradycardia, and growth retardation

Question 27

How do you treat congenital hypothyroidism?

Answer 27

Thyroid hormone replacement

Question 28

Is hypermetabolic condition of thyroid hormone excess. Also referred to as thyrotoxicosis.

Answer 28

Hyperthyroidism

Question 29

What causes hyperthyroidism?

Answer 29

Autoimmune disease (Graves disease), pituitary tumors, and pregnancy

Question 30

What are the signs and symptoms of hyperthyroidism?

Answer 30

Nervousness, restlessness, heat intolerance, increased sweating, fatigue, weakness, muscle cramps, and weight loss.

Question 31

How do you treat hyperthyroidism?

Answer 31

Radioactive iodine, surgery to remove tumors, and radiation

Question 32

Swelling of the thyroid gland, is associated with viral or bacterial infections, autoimmune disease, and aging.

Answer 32

Thyroiditis

Question 33

What are the signs and symptoms of thyroiditis?

Answer 33

Pain, swelling, thyroid tenderness, goiter

Question 34

How do you treat thyroiditis?

Answer 34

Anti-inflammatory medications, and pain medications

Question 35

Also known as Addison's disease, and can be the result of any disease that damages the entire adrenal cortex.

Answer 35

Hypoadrenalism

Question 36

What causes hypoadrenalism?

Answer 36

Damage to adrenal cortex, infections, opportunistic infections associated with AIDS, cancer, hemorrhage of the adrenal gland.

Question 37

What are the symptoms and signs of Addison's disease?

Answer 37

Weight loss, fatigue, anorexia, abdominal discomfort, vomiting, diarrhea

Question 38

How do you treat Addison's disease?

Answer 38

Replacement of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids

Question 39

Also known as Cushing's syndrome, refers to manifestation of excessive corticosteroids. Caused by benign pituitary tumors.

Answer 39

Hyperadrenalism

Question 40

What are the signs and symptoms of Cushing's syndrome?

Answer 40

Hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, fluid retention, weight gain, weakness, fatigue, hypertension

Question 41

How do you treat Cushing's syndrome?

Answer 41

Surgery, radiation, medications to treat hypertension, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia

Question 42

Is it a rare epinephrine norepinephrine producing tumor occurs equally and women of the fourth and fifth decades of life.

Answer 42

Pheochromocytoma

Question 43

What causes pheochromocytoma?

Answer 43

Tumor located in the adrenal medulla.

Question 44

What are the signs and symptoms of pheochromocytoma?

Answer 44

Hypertension is most common. Includes headache, excessive sweating, and palpitations.

Question 45

How do you treat pheochromocytoma?

Answer 45

Antihypertensive medication. Surgery provides infective cure by removing the tumor.

Question 46

Excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone, is often caused by benign parathyroid tumors.

Answer 46

Hyperparathyroidism

Question 47

What are the symptoms and signs of hyperparathyroidism?

Answer 47

Due to lack of calcium in bones, weak bones deform and fracture easily, kidney stones, pain in bones, depressed nervous system, weak muscles, slow heart rate, abdominal pain, vomiting and constipation.

Question 48

How do you treat hyperparathyroidism?

Answer 48

Surgical removal of tumor on parathyroids, medications to lower blood calcium

Question 49

Is mostly condition that commonly occurs in patients following surgical resection of the thyroid gland. Can also be a result of damage from heavy metals such as copper or iron, or can result from immune disorders and infections.

Answer 49

Hypoparathyroidism

Question 50

What are the symptoms and signs of hypoparathyroidism?

Answer 50

Overexcited muscular and nervous system, characteristic tetany of hands, and laryngeal spasm

Question 51

How do you treat hypoparathyroidism?

Answer 51

Administer vitamin D and calcium

Question 52

Is characterized by total or near total absence of insulin production. Also referred to as juvenile-onset diabetes as peak of incidence is between ages 10 to 14 years.

Answer 52

Type 1 diabetes mellitus

Question 53

What causes type 1 diabetes mellitus?

Answer 53

Autoimmune destruction of the beta cells of the pancreas

Question 54

What are the symptoms and signs of type 1 diabetes mellitus?

Answer 54

Polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, weight loss

Question 55

How do you treat type 1 diabetes mellitus?

Answer 55

Insulin

Question 56

Is not associated with description of pancreatic beta cells. Results from defects him insulin secretion by the pancreas insulin utilization in target tissues. Insulin resistance occurs.

Answer 56

Type 2 diabetes mellitus

Question 57

What causes type 2 diabetes mellitus?

Answer 57

Obesity, hypertension, hyperlipidemia

Question 58

What are the symptoms and signs of type 2 diabetes mellitus?

Answer 58

Polyuria, polydipsia

Question 59

How do you treat type 2 diabetes mellitus?

Answer 59

Weight-loss, exercise, oral antidiabetic medication, insulin

Question 60

Abnormally increased functional activity of the gonads before puberty produces precocious sexual development in both sexes.

Answer 60

Hypergonadism

Question 61

What causes hypergonadism?

Answer 61

Hypersecretion of sex hormones caused by tumors

Question 62

What are the signs and symptoms of hypergonadism?

Answer 62

Precocious sexual development

Question 63

How do you treat hypergonadism?

Answer 63

Administration of sex hormones

Question 64

Is a deficiency in sex hormones cause by undeveloped gonads.

Answer 64

Hypogonadism

Question 65

What are the signs and symptoms of hypogonadism?

Answer 65

Lack of sexual development, eunuchism

Question 66

How do you treat hypogonadism?

Answer 66

Administration of sex hormones

Question 66

Review questions on page 332

Answer 66

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