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YEAR 2 S2 PATHOLOGY > Disorder of growth, differentiation and tumours > Flashcards

Disorder of growth, differentiation and tumours Flashcards

1
Q

what is growth

A

process of INC IN SIZE

resulting from synthesis of specific tissue components

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2
Q

what is differentiation

A

process whereby a cell develops an OVERT SPECIALISED FUNCTION or MORPHOLOGY which distinguishes it from its parent cells

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3
Q

what is tumour differentiation

A

the extent of which neoplastic cells resemble comparable normal cells, both morphologically and functionally

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4
Q

what is anaplasia

A

lack of differentiation, it is a hallmark of malignant transformation
the “reversion from high level differentiation to lower level”

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5
Q

what are the morphological changes of anaplasia

A
  • pleomorphism (variation in size and shape)
  • abundance of DNA (nuclei disproportionally large)
  • mitoses
  • loss of polarity (orientation of cells is markedly disturbed)
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6
Q

what is neoplasia

A

new growth, the new growth itself is called neoplasm

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7
Q

describe neoplasia

what are the 2 types of tumour growth

A

an abnormal mass of tissue

  • growth exceeds normal
  • is uncoordinated with normal tissues
  • persists even after STIMULI THAT EVOKED CHANGE IS REMOVED
  • benign/malignant
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8
Q

tumour naming ends in suffix

A

oma

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9
Q

benign epithelial tumours are what

A

papilloma or adenoma

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10
Q

malignant epithelial tumours are called what

A

carcinomas

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11
Q

what is a malignant connective tissue tumour called

A

sarcoma

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12
Q

describe benign tumours

A
  • non invasive and remain localised
  • slow growth rate
  • close histological resemblance to parent tissue
  • fibrous capsule separates tumour from host tissue
  • palpable (can be felt)
  • eaily removed surgically
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13
Q

describe malignant tumours

A
  • invasive and capable of spreading directly or by METASTASIS
  • relatively rapid growth rate
  • VARIABLE histological resemblance to parent tissue
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14
Q

borders of benign tumours are what compared to malignant tumours

A

benign: circumscribed or encapsulated
malignant: poorly defined or irregular

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15
Q

what is metaplasia

A

a REVERSIBLE change in which one adult cell type (epithelial or mesenchymal) is REPLACED by another adult cell type

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16
Q

metaplasia may be caused by what

what happens if these influences are persistent

A

an ADAPTIVE SUBSTITUTION of cells better ABLE TO WITHSTAND adverse environment (less sensitive)

  • often in association with TISSUE DAMAGE, REPAIR and REGENERATION
  • if the influences are PERSISTENT: it may initiate MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION in metaplastic epithelium
17
Q

what is dysplasia

A

disordered growth

18
Q

describe dysplasia

where is it most commonly

A
  • often METAPLASTIC EPITHELIA
  • dysplastic lesions are often pre-neoplastic but does NOT NECESSARILY progress to cancer
  • potentially disordered tissue architecture
19
Q

what are the characteristics of dysplasia

A
  • loss of uniformity of the individual cells and in their architectural orientation
  • PLEOMORPHISM and often contain HYPERCHROMATIC NUCLEI that are abnormally large for the size of cell
  • abundant MITOTIC figures iin ABNORMAL locations within epithelium (not confined to basal layers)
20
Q

what are metastases
marks tumour as what
why is it clinically important

A

tumour IMPLANTS discontinuous with primary tumour

  • marks tumour as malignant
  • reduces possibility of a cure
21
Q

what are the pathways of tumour metastatic spread

where do these occur

A

1) DIRECT SEEDING of body cavities or surfaces: PLEURAL, PERICARDIAL and PERITONEAL cavities
2) LYMPHATIC SPREAD: 2° tumour in LYMPH NODES
3) HAEMATOGENOUS spread by b.s: 2° tumour in ORGAN PERFUSED by blood from tumour
4) IMPLANTATION (after operation) rare

22
Q

what is the molecular basis of carcinogenesis

A
  • NON-LETHAL genetic damage

- single precursor cell incurs genetic damage and forms tumour

23
Q

what are the classes of REGULATORY genes that target genetic damage

A
  • growth PROMOTING ONCOGENES
  • growth INHIBITING TUMOUR SUPPRESSOR GENES
  • genes that REGULATE APOPTOSIS
  • genes involved in DNA REPAIR
24
Q

carcinogenesis is a single or multi step process

carcinogenesis occurs at which levels

A

multi step

occurs at PHENOTYPIC and GENETIC levels

YEAR 2 S2 PATHOLOGY (22 decks)

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