Inflammation II

Question 1

describe chronic inflammation

Answer 1

• can be a consequence of acute inflammation
• NOT characterised by the 5 signs of acute inflammation
• PROLONGED duration: montsh/years
• both injury and healing at the same time
• can occur WITHOUT prior acute inflammation

Question 2

what are the causes of chronic inflammation

Answer 2

• infection that is PERSISTANT, caused by difficult to eliminate
• immune-mediated inflammatory diseases, autoimmune diseases, allergic diseases
• prolonged exposure to TOXIC agents (can be endogenous or exogenous)

Question 3

what is the morphology of chronic inflammation

Answer 3

• infiltration of MONONUCLEAR CELLS (macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells)
• tissue destruction
• attempts at HEALING by CONNECTIVE TISSUE (angiogenesis, fibrosis)

Question 4

what are the cells in chronic inflammation

Answer 4

• MACROPHAGES (dominant cell type activated, products of activated macrophages can cause TISSUE DAMAGE and FIBROSIS)
• LYMPHOCYTES (produce CYTOKINES: IFN)
• PLASMA CELLS developed from activated B cells
• EOSINOPHILS
• MAST CELLS

Question 5

what are some changes that occur in chronic inflammation

Answer 5

• inflammatory stimulus is PERSISTENT
• neutrophils are ABSENT
• mostly LYMPHOCYTES
• macrophages CLEAR debris, present ANTIGEN materials, and granuloma formation
• ANGIOGENESIS
• proliferation of FIBROBLASTS (in fibrosis)

Question 6

what is a granuloma

Answer 6

special type of chronic inflammation

Question 7

what causes granuloma formation

Answer 7

• RESISTANCE to phagocytosis
• include TB, leprosy, syphilis or exogenous materials (asbestos, silica)
• some unknown aetiology (sarcoidosis)

Question 8

what is the typical granuloma seen with TB

Answer 8

epithelioid granuloma

Question 9

in chronic inflammation what is used to eradicate the injurious agent

Answer 9

• w/ antibodies from plasma cells
• direct killing by lymphocytes
• phagocytosis by macrophages

Question 10

attempts for eradicate an injurious agent in chronic inflammation can be harmful how
association with systemic signs of what

Answer 10

can lead to:

• tissue necrosis
• fibrosis

Systemic signs:

• low grade fever
• weight loss
• anaemia

Question 11

describe fever as a systemic effect of chronic inflammation

Answer 11

• fever usually 1-4 degrees higher
• ACUTE PHASE PROTEINS produced:
  (C-reactive proteins, Fibrinogen, Serum amyloid A)

Question 12

leukocytosis is a feature of what
what can leukocyte count reach
what are other manifestations of leukocytosis

Answer 12

bacterial infection 
- can reach 100,000/μL
Other manifestations: 
- inc pulse & bp
- dec sweating
- chills

Question 13

what is a potential outcome of chronic inflammation

Answer 13

fibrosis ( and & loss of function)

Question 14

what are the potential outcomes of acute inflammation

Answer 14

• healing
• pus formation
• fibrosis
• chronic inflammation

Question 15

which cell types are involved in acute inflammation

which cell types are involved in chronic inflammation

Answer 15

• neutrophils, macrophages

- macrophages, plasma cells, lymphocytes

Question 16

what vascular changes occur with acute inflammation vs chronic inflammation

Answer 16

in acute inflammation: OEDEMA

in chronic inflammation: none