Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

YEAR 2 S2 PATHOLOGY > Disorder of WBC > Flashcards

Disorder of WBC Flashcards

(45 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

what are the 5 types of WBC

A
  • neutrophils (granulocyte)
  • basophils (granulocyte)
  • eosinophils (granulocyte)
  • monocytes
  • lymphocytes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the primary function of leukocytes (WBC)

A
  • against infection or infestation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the role of granulocytes and monocytes

A

they are phagocytic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the difference between infection and infestation

A

infection: against bacteria etc
infestation: against parasite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the role of lymphocytes

A
  • role in the IMMUNE RESPONSE

- cell mediated or abtibody mediated immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what % of leukocytes are neutrophils

A

45-75%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what % of leukocytes are monocytes

A

2-8%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what % of leukocytes are basophils

A

0.4-1%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what % of leukocytes are eosinophils

A

1-4%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what % of leukocytes are lymphocytes

A

20-40%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

how are the granulocytes formed (neuto/baso/eosino)

A

myeloid stem cells –> colony forming units (granulo-N,Eo,baso, Mono) –> myeloblast –> band cell –> granulocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

how are monocytes formed

A

myeloid stem cells –> colony forming units (granulo-N,Eo,baso, Mono) –> monoblast –> monocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

how are lymphocytes formed

A

lymphoid stem cell –> pre-T, pre-B cells –> lymphoblast –> lymphocytes (T and B cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are the features of monocytes

A
  • larger cell body

- nuclear dense

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is leukocytosis

A

INCREASE in total number of leukocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is leukopenia

A

DECREASE in total number of leukocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is leukaemia

A

neoplasia of leukopoietic tissue with a MASSIVE INCREASE in total numbers
- MALIGNANT process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is leukaemoid reaction

A

massive leukocytosis and immature cells (chronic infections, severe haemolysis)
- BENIGN process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is the normal range for neutrophils

what is it called when the neutrophil count exceeds this

Study These Flashcards
A

NORMAL: 2.8-7.5 x10^9/L

Neutrophilia is when this is exceeded (>7.5x10^9/L)

20
Q

what are the causes of neutrophilia

Study These Flashcards
A
  • bacterial infections
  • inflammation/tissue necrosis
  • metabolic disorders
  • malignant neoplasia
  • myeloproliferative disease
  • drugs (steroids)
  • physiological (pregnancy/exercise)
21
Q

what is neutropenia

Study These Flashcards
A

when the numbers of neutrophils are BELOW the normal
- NORMAL: 2.8-7.5 x10^9/L
neutropenia is < 1.5x10^9/L(

22
Q

what is pancytopenia

Study These Flashcards
A

deficiency of all three cellular components of the blood (red cells, white cells, and platelets)

23
Q

what are the causes of neutropenia

both as selctive neutropenia and part of pancytopenia

Study These Flashcards
A

SELECTIVE:

  • drug induced (anti-inflammatory agents)
  • autoimmune (eg rheumatoid arthiritis)
  • severe bacterial infection eg typhoid
  • viral infection

PART OF PANCYTOPENIA:

  • bone marrow failure and infiltration
    • cytotoxic drug therapy, irradiation, malignant infiltration
  • severe megaloblastic anaemia (impaired DNA synthesis)
  • hyperslpenism
24
Q

what are the clinical features of neutropenia

Study These Flashcards
A
  • INFECTIONS : more frequent and serious
  • if SEVERE neutropenia((<0.5x10^9/L): can lead to pneumonia, septicaemia
    • characteristic signs: glazed mucositis in the mouth and ulceration
25
what can neutrophils leukocytosis suggest
bacterial infections, tissue damage
26
what can lymphocytosis suggest
viral infection
27
what can eosinophilia suggest
parasitic infestation/allergy
28
what can monocytosis suggest
chronic bacterial infection (eg TB) | malignant neoplasms
29
what can basophil leukocytosis suggest
it is uncommon | - but can suggest myeloproliferative disorders
30
what are the causes of lymphocytosis | what is the clinical feature
- acute, viral infections (eg infectious mononucleosis) can be extreme in children - chronic infections (eg tuberculosis) - leukaemia (chronic lymphocytic leukaemia CLL) and (acute lymphoblastic leukaemia ALL) - clinical feature: Lymphadenopathy
31
what are neoplastic disorders of WBC give examples can they co-exist
- malignancies of myeloid and lymphooid systems - LEUKAEMIA : occurs predominantly in bone marrow and the circulating blood - LYMPHOMA: in lymphoid tissue, tissue mass is a presenting feature - Leukaemias and lymphomas may co-exist
32
how can you differentiate between lymphoma and leukaemia
there is a TISSUE MASS in lymphoma (mainly in lymph node) | - if there is no tissue mass and there are malignant white blood cells then it is leukaemia
33
what is the pathogenesis of WBC neoplasm
- at least ONE OR MORE MOLECULAR ABNORMALITIES: chromosomal abnormalities detected in leukaemias and lymphomas - CLONAL PROLIFERATION of cell type - neoplastic cells TAKING OVER bone marrow or lymphoid tissue (O normal bone marrow function is affected causing symptoms, and shortage of all blood cell types)
34
how common is leukaemia
- incidence: 10/100,000 (a relatively common cancer)
35
what is the pathogenesis of leukaemia | what are the pathological features
- NEOPLASTIC MONOCLONAL PROLIFERATION of WBC precursors PATHOLOGICAL FEATURES: 1) bone marrow REPLACED by leukaemic cells, variable accumulation of abnormal cells in peripheral blood 2) ORGAN INFILTRATION by leukaemic cells (liver, spleenlymph nodes, meninges, gonads)
36
what is the major consequence of leukaemia
- bone marrow failure (anaemia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia)
37
how is leukaemia classified
1) acute/chronic | 2) myeloid/lymphoid origin
38
describe acute leukaemia
- about 50% of all L - MYELOBLASTIC (AML): affects all age groups, incidence INC with age, FAB (French-American-British) classification: M0-M7 -LYMPHOBLASTIC (ALL): most commonly in children FAB: L1-L3
39
describe chronic leukaemia
about 45% of all L - MYELOID/granulocytic (CML/CGL) all age groups - LYMPHOCYTIC (CLL): .50 years age group
40
describe the pathogenesis of acute Leukaemia | how do the symptoms arise
- Blast cells divide but fail to differentiate and appear in blood - >20% bone marrow taken up by myeloblasts or lymphoblasts - causes BONE MARROW FAILURE - SYMPTOMS: - - bone marrow failure: leucopenia --> infections - - bone marrow infiltration: pain - - other organ infiltration: e.g. brain
41
describe chronic L | in detail
- Usually in adults (but may be seen in children) - Leukaemic cells retain ability to differentiate - CLL: - - Commonest leukaemia, esp. in late age - - Lymphocyte count > 100x10^9 /L - - B cell proliferation - - abnormal cells in marrow, blood film, lymph nodes - CML/CGL -- Leucocyte count > 15x10^9/L -- Mostly neutrophils but also myelocytes −Chromosome translocation: long arm of 22 fuses with that of 9--> Philadelphia chromosome - MAY TRANSFORM TO AML AND ALL
42
whata re the clinical features of chronic leukaemia
- very high peripheral WBC counts - anaemia, thrombocytopenia - splenomegaly - hepatomegaly - lymphadenopathy - some have NO SYMPTOMS
43
describe lymphomas incidence classification
- the 7th commonest cancer in UK - Malignant tumours of lymphoid cells - at lymph nodes or extra-nodal Classification: - Hodgkin’s Lymphoma:Lymph node origin (mostly);Reed-Sternberg cells - Non-Hodgkin's 3/4 in lymph nodes commonly manifest by lymphadenopathy
44
describe Hodgkin's lymphoma
- Peak at 3rd decade of life - Lymphadenopathy: −rubbery/swollen lymph node (cervical, etc.) −spreads (spleen, liver, marrow, gut) - Linked to previous infection with Epstein Barr virus,with a genetic predisposition - Lymph node histology: Reed-Sternberg cells(multinucleate B lymphocyte) - Patient presents with fever, weight loss, sweating(called B symptoms)
45
describe non Hodgkin's lymphoma
- Majority of malignant lymphoma are NHL - Arise in lymph nodes (eg. cervical) & spread,or extra –nodal(eg. gut) & generalised spread (eg. lungs) - A wide spectrum of disease;highly proliferative or slow & indolent - Most (85-90%) are B cell origin (Follicular, Burkitts); 10-15% T cell CLINICAL FEATURES: - B-symptoms (fever, night sweats, weight loss) - Lymphadenopathy - extranodal presentation (GI, lung, etc.)

YEAR 2 S2 PATHOLOGY (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions