Nomenclature of disease

Question 1

what is disease

what can the abnormality be

Answer 1

condition in which the PRESCENCE of an ABNORMALITY in the body causes A LOSS OF normal health

• abnormality can be STRUCTURAL or FUNCTIONAL
• disease arises when organism is unable to ADAPT to change

Question 2

what is a primary disease

Answer 2

disease without apparent cause (can be essential, idiopathic, spontaneous or cryptogenic)

Question 3

what is a secondary disease

Answer 3

disease is a complication or manifestation of UNDERLYING LESION

Question 4

what does acute mean in terms of the dynamics of the disease

Answer 4

a rapid onset (often) but not always followed by a rapid resolution

Question 5

what does chronic mean in terms of the dynamics of the disease

Answer 5

may FOLLOW acute initial epidose, but has PROLONGED COURSE, lasting months/years

Question 6

what does benign mean in terms of likely outcome of disease

Answer 6

benign tumours REMAIN LOCALISED to tissue of origin and are rarely fatal

Question 7

what does malignant mean in tems of the likely outocome of disease

Answer 7

malgnant tumours INVADE and SPREAD from their origin and are commonly fatal

Question 8

prefix ana- means what

give an example

Answer 8

ABSENCE

eg anaplasia

Question 9

prefix dys- means what

give an example

Answer 9

DISORDERED

eg dysplasia

Question 10

prefix hyper- means what

give an example

Answer 10

EXCESS OVER NORMAL

eg hypertension

Question 11

prefix hypo- means what

give an example

Answer 11

DEFICIENCY BELOW NORMAL

eg hypotension

Question 12

prefix meta- means what

give an example

Answer 12

CHANGE FROM ONE STAGE TO ANOTHER

eg metaplasia

Question 13

prefix neo- means what

give an example

Answer 13

NEW

eg neoplasia

Question 14

suffiz -itis means what

give an example

Answer 14

INFLAMMATORY PROCESS

eg appendicitis

Question 15

suffiz -oma means what

give an example

Answer 15

TUMOUR

eg carcinoma

Question 16

suffiz -osis means what

give an example

Answer 16

ABNORMAL INCREASE

eg athersclerosis

Question 17

suffiz -oid means what

give an example

Answer 17

BEARING RESEMBLANCE TO

eg rheumatoid disease

Question 18

suffiz -plasia means what

give an example

Answer 18

DISORDER OF GROWTH

eg hyperplasia

Question 19

suffiz -opathy means what

give an example

Answer 19

ABNORMAL STATE LACKING SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTICS

eg cardiomyopathy

Question 20

what is an eponymous name

give examples

Answer 20

disease or lesion is names after peron/place associated with it
eg Grave’s diesease: primary thyrotoxicosis

eg Crohn’s: a chronic inflammatory disease of the gut affecting most commonly the terminal ileum and causing narrow of the lumen

Question 21

what is the aim of disease classification

Answer 21

• detrmine best treatment
• estimate prognosis
• ascertain cause, so disease can be prevented in the future

Question 22

what are the most widely used disease classifications bases on

Answer 22

CAUSES (aetiology)
underlying mechanism (pathogenesis)

Question 23

what is s genetic disease

Answer 23

• caused by genome abnormalities

- mostly inherited, but ~15-20% are caused by new mutations in affected individuals

Question 24

what is an acquired disease

Answer 24

• caused by env factors (eg pollution)

Question 25

based on pathogenesis or disease mechanisms, most diseases can be assigned into the two classifications which are?

Answer 25

congenital and acquired

Question 26

what is a congenital disease

whata re th e2 types

Answer 26

inherited before or during birth, but some may not cause clinical manifestation until adult life
- ~ 5% of births

Genetic: inherited from parents or genetic mutation before birth: eg Down’s
Non genetic: external interfeerence w/ normal embryonic and foetal development: eg deafness

Question 27

give examples of acquired diseases

Answer 27

Inflammatory
Haemodynamic
Growth disorders
Injury and disordered repair
Disordered immunity
Metabolic and degenerative disorders