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PSYC 2240 > Disorders > Flashcards

Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What is clinical neuroscinece?

A

Specialty in the field of neuroscience that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and disorders affecting the brain and central nervous system

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2
Q

What were behavioural disorders traditionally classified as?

A

social, psychological, psychiatric, neurological

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3
Q

In the US how many people have a diagnosable mental condition?

A

1 in about 4 people

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4
Q

What are the three classification systems for mental health?

A

ICD-10 (most popular worldwide), DSM (most popular in north america), RDoC (made to unify mental health research)

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5
Q

What are the 6 causes of abnormal brain function?

A

genetic error, epigenetic mechanisms, progressive cell death, rapid cell death, loss of neural functions and connections, life stress

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6
Q

What is the cause of Tay-Sachs disease?

A

genetic error

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7
Q

What is the cause of androgential syndrome?

A

hormonal

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8
Q

What is the cause of Korsakoff syndrome?

A

poor nutrtition

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9
Q

How are behavioural disorders treated?

A

adjusting environmental factors and adressing the symptoms

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10
Q

What are some examples of treatments for behavioural disorders?

A

psychotherapy (CBT), cognitive remediation, Behavior modification approcahes, modifiyng lifestyl

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11
Q

What are psychiatric disroders typically linked to?

A

altered structure/function of the brain (injury, lesions, volume, avail. of neurotransmitters, functional recruitment)

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12
Q

What are the 6 diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia in the DSM?

A

delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, disorganized behaviour/excessive agitation, catatonic behaviour, negative symptoms

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13
Q

What are examples of negative symptoms in schizophrenia?

A

absence of something in normal people (less speaking, less goal oreintated beahvior, less emotions)

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14
Q

What is the concordance of shizophrenia in identical twins?

A

80% (high)

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15
Q

When does schizophrenia usually develop?

A

late teens-early 20s for men, late 20’s to early 30’s women

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16
Q

What are some brain features that are associated with schizophrenia?

A

enlarged ventricles and a thinner cortex, loss of gray matter especially in medial temporal and frontal cortex, metabolic changes in places (prefrontal), excessive pruning of short distance cortical connection in development, abnormal dendrtiic fields

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17
Q

What are some examples of the neurochemical abnormalities in schizophrenia?

A

dopamine and many other neurochemcial changes

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18
Q

What is major depressive disorder (MDD)?

A

persistently low mood, loss of itnerest in activities that made you happy, can also be episodic

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19
Q

What is bipolar disorder?

A

cycling through manic and depressed states (can last weeks to months)

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20
Q

What is cyclothymic disorder?

A

switches between manic and depressed but much more frequently

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21
Q

What are some examples of mood disroders?

A

MDD, Bipolar 1, bipolar 2, cyclothymic disorder, premenstural dysphoric disorder

22
Q

What does cognitive behavioural therapy focus on?

A

challenging the person’s beliefs and perceptions, Identifies dysfunctional thoughts and beliefs that accompany negative emotions and
replaces them with more realistic ones

23
Q

What are some examples of neuroinflamattion treatments?

A

antidepressant drugs, ketamine

24
Q

What are some types of anxiety disorders?

A

generalized anxiety, panic disorder, agoraphobia, OCD, PTSD, phobias

25
Q

What are some pharmological treatments for anxiety disorders?

A

benzodiazopenes used to be common, now antidepressants that act on serotonin and noradrenaline

26
Q

What does the HPA axis do?

A

Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal circuit, controls the production and release of hormones due to stress (cortisol)

27
Q

What can excessive cortisol do?

A

damage the feedback loops used to turn off the stress respone

28
Q

When corticotropin-releasing hormone is secreted what happens?

A

pituitary is stimulated which makes the adrenocorticotropic hormone

29
Q

Why do brain injuries get more common in old age?

A

stroke, falling

30
Q

What are some signs/symptoms of a concussion?

A

headache, loss of consciousness, confusion, dizziness, seeing stars, nausea

31
Q

What is CTE?

A

Progressive degenerative
disease caused by multiple concussions and other closed-head injuries

32
Q

What is damage at the site of impact for a concussion called?

A

coup

33
Q

What is contrecoup?

A

pressure/movment from the coup in a concussion causes furhter injury (brain bouncing around)

34
Q

What are the types of neuroinflammation?

A

peripheral, acute, chronic

35
Q

What are the two kinds of behavioural effects from a TBI?

A

Specific impairments may result from coup and/or contrecoup lesion, generalized impairments from widespread damage

36
Q

TBI’s that damage which parts of the brain may effect personality/social behaviour?

A

frotnal and temporal

37
Q

How long can recovery from head trauma take?

A

2-3 years or even longer (most cognitive recoveyr in first 6-9 months)

38
Q

How do ischemic stroeks damage cells?

A

clot blocks blodd which is carrying glucose/oxygen, starves cells

39
Q

How do hemoragghic strokes damage cells?

A

bleeding causes pressure which can dcause damage, also blood is not going where it needs to go so cells starve

40
Q

What are focal seizures?

A

asynchronus, hyperactive local brain regions (may not have visible symptoms)

41
Q

What are generalized seizures?

A

start at a focal lcoation then spread rapidly to distributed networks in both hemispheres

42
Q

People who are having generalized seizures may ycle through what 4 stages?

A
  1. normal EEG before onset
  2. onset and tonic phase (stiff)
  3. clonic phase (jerking)
  4. depressed EEG after seizure
43
Q

What is status epilecticus?

A

seizure that lasts more than 5 mins or more than 1 seizure without returning to normal state in 5 min period (medical emergency)

44
Q

What is multiple sclerosis?

A

loss of myelin in motor and sensory neurons

45
Q

What are some potential causes of MS?

A

bacterial infection, virus, environmental factors like pesticides, misfolded proteins etc

46
Q

How is multiple sclerosis diagnosed?

A

MRI, MS lesions look like dark patches around lateral ventricles and in white matter

47
Q

What are some degenerative neurocognitive disroders?

A

alzheimer, parkinson, huntington, CTE, wilson disease, prion dementia

48
Q

What are some nondegenerative neurocognitive disorders?

A

vascular dementia, infectious dementia, posttraumatic dementia, demyelinating dementia, korsakoff

49
Q

What is post traumatic growht?

A

Ability to cope with and compensate for deficits resulting from brain injury and disease

50
Q

What is posttraumatic apathy?

A

Condition characterized by diminished motivation and purposeful behavior following brain injury or disease

51
Q

The most effective treatment for depression and anxiety disorder is?

A

CBT

PSYC 2240 (12 decks)

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