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PSYC 2240 > Studying the Brain > Flashcards

Studying the Brain Flashcards

1
Q

What are 4 principles guiding animal research?

A
  1. permitted if the derived knowledge can reasonably be expected to benefit humans/animals/environment
  2. optimal standard helps increase credibility and reliability of science
  3. must be humane
  4. only if no reasonable alternative exists
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2
Q

What is the goal of whole animal manipulations? Examples?

A

determining how an environmental condition affects brain and behaviour

diet, exercise, drugs, sensory stimulation, social interactions…

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3
Q

What is the goal of permanent brain lesions?

A

remove/destroy neural tissue to observe behavioural changes

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4
Q

What is the goal of temporary/reversible brain lesions?

A

short term silencing of neural tissue to observe behavioural changes

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5
Q

What is the goal of genetic lesions? Example?

A

remove genetic material

knock out technology, crispr

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6
Q

What is the goal of genetic stimulation? Examples?

A

add genetic material

knock in techonology

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7
Q

What is the goal of drug manipulations?

A

determine receptor systems role in the CNS

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8
Q

What is the goal of electric/magnetic stimulation? Examples?

A

excite neural tissue

deep brain stimulation and TMS

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9
Q

What is the goal of optogenetics?

A

use light to activate specific ions channels and relate to behaviour

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10
Q

What is chemogenetics?

A

use specific synthetic drugs to activate designer receptors

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11
Q

What is the goal of behavioural analysis? Examples?

A

observe behaviour, tests to allow research subjects to demonstrate behavioural capacities

naturalistic observation, tests, mazes

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12
Q

What is the goal of tissue analysis? Example?

A

identify cell types and connections, identify disease states

stains

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13
Q

What are the three main types of animal studies?

A

whole animal, brain manipulation, behavioral paradigms

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14
Q

What is neuropsychological testing? Examples?

A

comprehensive assesment of cognitive/psychological strengths and weaknesses in humans

tests, questionnaires, clinical interview

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15
Q

What is the goal of neuropsychological testing?

A

identify and localize the dysfunction

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16
Q

What are some advantages and disadvantages of neuropsychological testing?

A

pros: comprehensive evaluation, tailored to individual, minimal stress/non-invasive

cons: performance-based, can’t be confident that the tests are reliable/valuable, brain pathology inferred from behaviour

17
Q

What are the two main types of neuroimaging?

A

structural and functional

18
Q

What are some examples of structural neuroimaging techniques?

A

mri, ct

19
Q

How do CT work?

A

series of x-rays of different layers of the brain that are put together to make a full image

20
Q

How do MRI work?

A

introduces a magnetic field which affects the hydrogen in the brain, uses this to make an image of the brain

21
Q

What are some examples of functional neuroimaging techniques?

A

EEG, MEG, PET/SPECT, fMRI

22
Q

What is EEG good/bad at?

A

finding out when something is happening in the brain but not where

23
Q

How is MEG different from MRI?

A

mri introduces a magentic field to get image

meg passively detects the magnetic singals coming from neurons

24
Q

How do PET scan work?

A

uses radioisotopes injected into bloodstream and gamma rays to make 3D image

25
Q

How does fMRI work?

A

uses how blood flow changes in response to our brain doing certain tasks

26
Q

What are some limits to fMRI?

A

costly, not everyone can use it, claustrophobic

27
Q

What is fNIRS?

A

uses infrared light to measure relative changes in concentrations of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in cerebral cortex

28
Q

What two things are needed to activate neurons?

A

glucose and oxygen via hemoglobin

29
Q

What is neurovascular coupling?

A

mechanism that links neural activity to the subseqeunt change in cerebral blood flow

30
Q

The propagation of light through biological tissue depends on what factors?

A

reflection, scattering, absorption

31
Q

What wavelength does fNIRS use?

A

650-850 nm

32
Q

What does the beer-lampert law do?

A

describes the relationship between the absorption and concentration of a chromophore

33
Q

What is a limitation of fNIRS?

A

the light diffuses rapidly when it enters the cortical tissue, not suitable for structures more than 2-3cm below brain surface

PSYC 2240 (12 decks)

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