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PSYC 2240 > Learning & Memory > Flashcards

Learning & Memory Flashcards

1
Q

What is learning?

A

relatively enduring change in an organism’s behaviour as a result of experience

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2
Q

What is memory?

A

ability to recall or recognize past experience

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3
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

pairing two stimulus together (so both cause same response)

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4
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

punishments/rewards are used to make behaviours less/more often

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5
Q

What is positive/negative reinforcement?

A

positive means behaviour is repeated so you get something good, negative means behaviour is repeated so bad things stop

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6
Q

WHat is positive/negative punishment?

A

positive means something bad is added, negative means something good is taken away

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7
Q

What does episodic memory involve?

A

personal, autobiographical

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8
Q

What does semantic memory involve?

A

facts, knowledge

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9
Q

What does implicit memory involve?

A

skills, habit, priming, conditioning

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10
Q

What is declarative (explicit) memory include?

A

ability to recount what one knows, to detail the time, place, and circumstances of events

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11
Q

What is procedural (implicit) memory?

A

ability to recall a movement sequence or how to perform some act/behaviour

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12
Q

What is priming?

A

sensitizes the brain to the later presentation of the same stimuls

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13
Q

What is an example of priming taht we run into in real life?

A

advertisements

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14
Q

What neural circuits are important for implicit memory?

A

basal ganglia, prefrontal cortex, substantia nigra

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15
Q

What type of memory is usually impraied in amnesia?

A

explicit (episodic/semantci)

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16
Q

Is explicit memory top-down or bottom up?

A

top down- active process

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17
Q

Is implicit memory top-down or bottom up?

A

bottom-up passive process

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18
Q

What parts of the brain are important for explicit memoyr?

A

hippocmapus

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19
Q

What case studies points to how important the hippocampus is for explicit memory?

A

H.M.

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20
Q

What is the function of the entorhinal cortex?

A

gateway to hippocampus (gives and receives info from it)

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21
Q

What is the function of the parahippocampal cortex?

A

receives input from visual dorsal stream (sends/gets info from entorhinal cortex)

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22
Q

What is the function of the perirhinal cortex?

A

receives input from the visual ventral stream (sends/gets info from entorhinal cortex)

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23
Q

What helps with visuospatial navigation and recognition of objects place?

A

hippocampus

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24
Q

What are spatial specific cells?

A

cells that react when a certain part of your environment comes into view

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25
Q

What are some examples of spatial specific cells?

A

place cells, grid cells, head direction cells

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26
Q

What does the mishkin model explain?

A

full explicit memory circuit, sensory/motor inputs go to medial temporal regions and go between that and prefrontal cortex, basal forebrain maintains arousal,

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27
Q

When is alzheimer’s definitively diagnosed?

A

autopsy

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28
Q

In alzheimer’s when do neuropathologies start to occur? What are they?

A

decades before symptoms emerge

beta amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles

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29
Q

What does temporal graded mean? What explains it?

A

newer memories are the first to go in amnesia

memory consolidation

30
Q

What is the distributed reinstatement theory?

A

memory stores are strengthened outside hippocampus through repitition

31
Q

What plays a key role in emotional memories?

A

amygdala

32
Q

What are emotional memories?

A

memories for the affective properties of stimuli

33
Q

Fear conditioning is what type of memory?

A

implict

34
Q

Chocolate chip cookies that remind you of your grandma is what type of memory?

A

explicit

35
Q

How can the brain change?

A

modifying synaptic connections, forming new connections or neurons

36
Q

What does methlyation have to do with memory?

A

neurons involved in a memory trace can be methylated or not, fear conditioning means methylated

37
Q

What are some moderators of neuroplasticity?

A

epigenetic, hormones, neurotrophic factors, psychoactive drugs

38
Q

Normal aging is associated with?

A

loss of synapses and NMDA receptors in the hippocampus, this impairs long term potentiation, which helps with learning

lose white matter in prefrontal cortex

39
Q

What are some learning and memory strategies?

A

rehearsal, chunking, spaced retrieval, semantic associations

40
Q

Where is thought believed to arise from in humans? What about other crows and other birds?

A

prefronta lcortex, specialized brainstem nuclei

41
Q

What are cell assemblies?

A

functionally connected groups of neurons

42
Q

What are some structural differences between the left and right hemispheres?

A

lateral fissure has a sharper upward division on the right side so RH has a temporal lobe, LH has larger sensorimotor face area, more gyrification of brocas area on LH

43
Q

What does right parietal damage cause?

A

constructional apraxia, difficulty doing puzzles and navigating familiar environments

44
Q

What is constructional apraxia?

A

difficulty copying pictures

45
Q

What does left parietal damage cause?

A

apraxia, difficulty with math, reading, and object naming

46
Q

In dichotic listening task what ear hears what better?

A

right can recall digits easier but left can recall music easier

47
Q

For people who are right-handed almost all of them have language in what hemisphere?

A

LH

48
Q

Corpus collosum is larger in left or right handed people?

A

left

49
Q

Visuospatial deficits implicate what region of the brain?

A

posterior parietal regions

50
Q

What is balint syndrome?

A

optic ataxia, ocular apraxia, simultagnosia

51
Q

What is selective attention?

A

visual search, inhibiting irrelevant material

52
Q

What is focused attention?

A

active filtering and focusing; concentration

53
Q

What is divided attention?

A

simultaneous processing of two or more sources

54
Q

What is sustained attention?

A

maintaining a consistent focus
on one source of information

55
Q

What is hemispatial neglect?

A

failing to notice one half of space, usually the left side, won’t draw left side of things, won’t clean left side of selves etc

56
Q

What is hemispatial neglect caused by?

A

usually right parietal damage

57
Q

Can neglected stimuli still affect behaviour?

A

yes, they arn’t aware of it though

58
Q

What is dysexecutive syndrome?

A

damage to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), trouble with reasoning, poor motivation, lack of self-monitoring, decreased WM capcity, poor multi tasking

59
Q

What is theory of mind? What is it goverened by?

A

understanding others mental states

DLPCF

60
Q

What is self regulation goverend by?

A

by anterior cingulate cortex, orbitofrontal cortex

61
Q

What is convergent intelligence supported by?

A

parietal and temporal regions

62
Q

What is divergent intelligence supported by?

A

frontal lobes

63
Q

What is people’s intellectual potential determined by?

A

synaptic organization which are furhter shaped by epigenetics and environment

64
Q

What is habituation?

A

Process where response to stimulus weakens with repeated exposure

65
Q

What is long term potentiation?

A

Long lasting increase in synaptic effectiveness after high frequency stimulation

66
Q

The evolution of skill in mental manipulation is closely tied to the evolution of?

A

Physical movements

67
Q

What is neuroeconomics?

A

Interdisciplinary field that seeks to understand how the brain makes decisions

68
Q

What is the evolutionary theory of consciousness?

A

Consciousness arose as a product of increased complexity requiring more complex nervous system

69
Q

What is the global neuronal workspace theory of consciousness?

A

Consciousness emerges from info integrated in frontal-parietal networks and distributed across the brain

70
Q

What is the info integration theory of consciousness?

A

Consciousness emerges from our ability to integrate info generated by posterior cortex

PSYC 2240 (12 decks)

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