Learning & Memory

Question 1

What is learning?

Answer 1

relatively enduring change in an organism’s behaviour as a result of experience

Question 2

What is memory?

Answer 2

ability to recall or recognize past experience

Question 3

What is classical conditioning?

Answer 3

pairing two stimulus together (so both cause same response)

Question 4

What is operant conditioning?

Answer 4

punishments/rewards are used to make behaviours less/more often

Question 5

What is positive/negative reinforcement?

Answer 5

positive means behaviour is repeated so you get something good, negative means behaviour is repeated so bad things stop

Question 6

WHat is positive/negative punishment?

Answer 6

positive means something bad is added, negative means something good is taken away

Question 7

What does episodic memory involve?

Answer 7

personal, autobiographical

Question 8

What does semantic memory involve?

Answer 8

facts, knowledge

Question 9

What does implicit memory involve?

Answer 9

skills, habit, priming, conditioning

Question 10

What is declarative (explicit) memory include?

Answer 10

ability to recount what one knows, to detail the time, place, and circumstances of events

Question 11

What is procedural (implicit) memory?

Answer 11

ability to recall a movement sequence or how to perform some act/behaviour

Question 12

What is priming?

Answer 12

sensitizes the brain to the later presentation of the same stimuls

Question 13

What is an example of priming taht we run into in real life?

Answer 13

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Question 14

What neural circuits are important for implicit memory?

Answer 14

basal ganglia, prefrontal cortex, substantia nigra

Question 15

What type of memory is usually impraied in amnesia?

Answer 15

explicit (episodic/semantci)

Question 16

Is explicit memory top-down or bottom up?

Answer 16

top down- active process

Question 17

Is implicit memory top-down or bottom up?

Answer 17

bottom-up passive process

Question 18

What parts of the brain are important for explicit memoyr?

Answer 18

hippocmapus

Question 19

What case studies points to how important the hippocampus is for explicit memory?

Answer 19

H.M.

Question 20

What is the function of the entorhinal cortex?

Answer 20

gateway to hippocampus (gives and receives info from it)

Question 21

What is the function of the parahippocampal cortex?

Answer 21

receives input from visual dorsal stream (sends/gets info from entorhinal cortex)

Question 22

What is the function of the perirhinal cortex?

Answer 22

receives input from the visual ventral stream (sends/gets info from entorhinal cortex)

Question 23

What helps with visuospatial navigation and recognition of objects place?

Answer 23

hippocampus

Question 24

What are spatial specific cells?

Answer 24

cells that react when a certain part of your environment comes into view

Question 25

What are some examples of spatial specific cells?

Answer 25

place cells, grid cells, head direction cells

Question 26

What does the mishkin model explain?

Answer 26

full explicit memory circuit, sensory/motor inputs go to medial temporal regions and go between that and prefrontal cortex, basal forebrain maintains arousal,

Question 27

When is alzheimer's definitively diagnosed?

Answer 27

autopsy

Question 28

In alzheimer's when do neuropathologies start to occur? What are they?

Answer 28

decades before symptoms emerge beta amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles

Question 29

What does temporal graded mean? What explains it?

Answer 29

newer memories are the first to go in amnesia memory consolidation

Question 30

What is the distributed reinstatement theory?

Answer 30

memory stores are strengthened outside hippocampus through repitition

Question 31

What plays a key role in emotional memories?

Answer 31

amygdala

Question 32

What are emotional memories?

Answer 32

memories for the affective properties of stimuli

Question 33

Fear conditioning is what type of memory?

Answer 33

implict

Question 34

Chocolate chip cookies that remind you of your grandma is what type of memory?

Answer 34

explicit

Question 35

How can the brain change?

Answer 35

modifying synaptic connections, forming new connections or neurons

Question 36

What does methlyation have to do with memory?

Answer 36

neurons involved in a memory trace can be methylated or not, fear conditioning means methylated

Question 37

What are some moderators of neuroplasticity?

Answer 37

epigenetic, hormones, neurotrophic factors, psychoactive drugs

Question 38

Normal aging is associated with?

Answer 38

loss of synapses and NMDA receptors in the hippocampus, this impairs long term potentiation, which helps with learning lose white matter in prefrontal cortex

Question 39

What are some learning and memory strategies?

Answer 39

rehearsal, chunking, spaced retrieval, semantic associations

Question 40

Where is thought believed to arise from in humans? What about other crows and other birds?

Answer 40

prefronta lcortex, specialized brainstem nuclei

Question 41

What are cell assemblies?

Answer 41

functionally connected groups of neurons

Question 42

What are some structural differences between the left and right hemispheres?

Answer 42

lateral fissure has a sharper upward division on the right side so RH has a temporal lobe, LH has larger sensorimotor face area, more gyrification of brocas area on LH

Question 43

What does right parietal damage cause?

Answer 43

constructional apraxia, difficulty doing puzzles and navigating familiar environments

Question 44

What is constructional apraxia?

Answer 44

difficulty copying pictures

Question 45

What does left parietal damage cause?

Answer 45

apraxia, difficulty with math, reading, and object naming

Question 46

In dichotic listening task what ear hears what better?

Answer 46

right can recall digits easier but left can recall music easier

Question 47

For people who are right-handed almost all of them have language in what hemisphere?

Answer 47

LH

Question 48

Corpus collosum is larger in left or right handed people?

Answer 48

left

Question 49

Visuospatial deficits implicate what region of the brain?

Answer 49

posterior parietal regions

Question 50

What is balint syndrome?

Answer 50

optic ataxia, ocular apraxia, simultagnosia

Question 51

What is selective attention?

Answer 51

visual search, inhibiting irrelevant material

Question 52

What is focused attention?

Answer 52

active filtering and focusing; concentration

Question 53

What is divided attention?

Answer 53

simultaneous processing of two or more sources

Question 54

What is sustained attention?

Answer 54

maintaining a consistent focus on one source of information

Question 55

What is hemispatial neglect?

Answer 55

failing to notice one half of space, usually the left side, won't draw left side of things, won't clean left side of selves etc

Question 56

What is hemispatial neglect caused by?

Answer 56

usually right parietal damage

Question 57

Can neglected stimuli still affect behaviour?

Answer 57

yes, they arn't aware of it though

Question 58

What is dysexecutive syndrome?

Answer 58

damage to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), trouble with reasoning, poor motivation, lack of self-monitoring, decreased WM capcity, poor multi tasking

Question 59

What is theory of mind? What is it goverened by?

Answer 59

understanding others mental states DLPCF

Question 60

What is self regulation goverend by?

Answer 60

by anterior cingulate cortex, orbitofrontal cortex

Question 61

What is convergent intelligence supported by?

Answer 61

parietal and temporal regions

Question 62

What is divergent intelligence supported by?

Answer 62

frontal lobes

Question 63

What is people's intellectual potential determined by?

Answer 63

synaptic organization which are furhter shaped by epigenetics and environment

Question 64

What is habituation?

Answer 64

Process where response to stimulus weakens with repeated exposure

Question 65

What is long term potentiation?

Answer 65

Long lasting increase in synaptic effectiveness after high frequency stimulation

Question 66

The evolution of skill in mental manipulation is closely tied to the evolution of?

Answer 66

Physical movements

Question 67

What is neuroeconomics?

Answer 67

Interdisciplinary field that seeks to understand how the brain makes decisions

Question 68

What is the evolutionary theory of consciousness?

Answer 68

Consciousness arose as a product of increased complexity requiring more complex nervous system

Question 69

What is the global neuronal workspace theory of consciousness?

Answer 69

Consciousness emerges from info integrated in frontal-parietal networks and distributed across the brain

Question 70

What is the info integration theory of consciousness?

Answer 70

Consciousness emerges from our ability to integrate info generated by posterior cortex