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PSYC 2240 > Drugs & The Brain > Flashcards

Drugs & The Brain Flashcards

1
Q

How can drugs be administered?

A

oral, sublingual, intravenous, transdermal, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intranasal, inhaled

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2
Q

How can molecules pass the BBB?

A

small molecules can pass through endothelial cells, complex molecules can be carried across by pumps

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3
Q

Where are drugs catabolized? What happens after they are broken down?

A

kidneys, liver, intestines

turned into compounds that are easy to excrete

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4
Q

How are drugs excreted?

A

through urine, feces, sweat, breast milk, exhaled air

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5
Q

What happens to substances that can’t be removed from the body?

A

they build up and become toxic

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6
Q

What is an agonist vs antagonist?

A

agonist binds to and activates a target, antagonists bind to and prevent other molecules from binding (does not activate)

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7
Q

What are the types of tolerance?

A

metabolic, cellular, learned

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8
Q

What happens when you develop metabolic tolerance?

A

increase in the number of enzymes in the liver, blood, or brain that break down a substance

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9
Q

What happens when you develop cellular tolerance?

A

activities of brain cells adjust to minimize the effects of the substance

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10
Q

What happens when you develop learned tolerance?

A

people learn to cope with being intoxicated

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11
Q

What is sensitization vs tolerance?

A

increased effectiveness of drug vs decreased effectiveness of drug

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12
Q

How does sensitization happen?

A

changes at the synapse (more receptors or more synapses), more likely with intermittent use

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13
Q

What drug affects the adenosinergic system? Is it an agonist or antagonist?

A

caffiene, antagonist

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14
Q

What effects does caffeine have on the body?

A

inhibits enzyme that breaks down cAMP, this leads to more glucose which leads to more energy (blocks adenoside/Ca2+)

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15
Q

What is nicotine?

A

leaves of tobacco plant, at low doses is a stimulant and at high it dampens neural activity, stimulates acetylcholine nicotinic receptors

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16
Q

What type of drugs help with anxiety?

A

GABA agonists

17
Q

What do gabaergic drugs do?

A

reduce neuron firing, relieve anxiety, stress, stop seizures, increased tolerance quickly

18
Q

What are glutamatergic drugs?

A

main excitatory neuron the forebrain and cerebellum, receptors are NMDA, AMPA, kainite

19
Q

What do NMDA antagonists do?

A

ketamine, PCP, cause hallucinations, detachment, and distorted perception

20
Q

What effects does alcohol have?

A

enters body and goes to organ with most blood flow (liver, brain), turns up GABA and down glutamate, also stimulates dopamine release

21
Q

What are some examples of dopamine agonists that are used recreationally? What about medically?

A

meth, cocaine, ampthetamine

adderall, ritalin, l-dopa, haldol

22
Q

What are some longterm effects of using dopamine antagonists?

A

tardive dyskinesia (treat for schizophrenia)

23
Q

What are some medically used seratonergic agents? What about recreational?

A

MAO, tricyclic, SSRI

LSD, shrooms

24
Q

What are the three sources of opiods?

A

isolated (morphine), altered (heroin), synthetic (fentanyl)

25
Q

What are 5 classes of opiod peptides?

A

dynorphins, enkephalins, endorphins, endomorphins, nociceptin receptors

26
Q

What is an opiod antagnoist?

A

naloxone (narcan)

27
Q

How does THC alter moods?

A

interacting with CB1 receptor on neurons and CB2 receptors on glial cells and other tissues

28
Q

What is the criteria for impaired control in DSM under substance abuse?

A

use for longer or using more than expected, failing at reducing use, a lot of time spent getting/using/recovering from drug, intense cravings

29
Q

What is the criteria for social impairment in DSM under substance abuse?

A

continued use despite negative effects in work/friends/family/school, continued use despite interpersonal problems caused by use, reduction/abandonment of meaningful social/recreational activities

30
Q

What is the criteria for risky use in DSM under substance abuse?

A

repeated use in physically dangerous situations, continued use despite awareness of physical/psychological risks

31
Q

What is the criteria for pharmological indicators in DSM under substance abuse?

A

tolerance and withdrawal

32
Q

What are some risk factors for addiction?

A

family history, mental health issues, peer pressure, gender, genetics

33
Q

What is the origin of botulin? What does it do?

A

spoiled food, blocks ACh release

34
Q

What does black widow spider venom do?

A

stimulates ACh release

PSYC 2240 (12 decks)

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