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Pathophysiology > Disorders Of Blood Cells > Flashcards

Disorders Of Blood Cells Flashcards

1
Q

Myeloblasts differentiate to __________

A

Granulocytes

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2
Q

Granules that include histamine, prostaglandin, leukotrienes. They respond to inflammation and infection especially parasites.

A

Basophils

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3
Q

The granulocyte mainly released in allergic reactions and parasitic infection.

A

Eosinophils

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4
Q

The most predominant granulocyte. It is a fast responder that is released due to infection, stress, and inflammation.

A

Neutrophils

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5
Q

Mature neutrophils are called ______.

A

Segs

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6
Q

Immature neutrophils are called _______.

A

Bands

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7
Q

An immature cell, called a monoblast, becomes a _______ when mature.

A

Monocytes

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8
Q
  • Become macrophages
  • Can leave and renter the circulation
  • Main function is phagocytosis
  • Enhances inflammation and stimulate
  • Release and function of other WBCs
A

Monocytes

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9
Q
  • Processed in the bone marrow
  • Matures in the lymph system
  • Produces antibodies
A

B-lymphocytes

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10
Q
  • Processed in the thymus

- Become T helper cells (CD4) and cytotoxic T cells (CD8)

A

T-lymphocytes

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11
Q

What is the normal count for WBCs?

A

4000-10,900 cells per uL

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12
Q

A white blood cell (WBC) count below 4000/uL

A

Leukopenia

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13
Q

A white blood cell count greater than 11,000/uL

A

Leukocytosis

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14
Q

A WBC count greater than 50,000 mcL not related to leukemia

A

Leukemoid reaction

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15
Q

Elevated levels of neutrophils

A

Neutrophilia

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16
Q

What causes elevated levels of neutrophils?

A
  • infection
  • inflammation
  • malignancy
  • smoking
  • stress
  • drug mediated
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17
Q

What is the decreased numbers of neutrophils called?

A

Neutropenia

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18
Q

What is neutropenia related to?

A
  • Bone marrow dysfunction
  • Shift of neutrophils to other body systems
  • Drug mediated
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19
Q

A hematologic neoplasm of the blood

A

Leukemia

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20
Q

A hematologic neoplasm of the lymph

A

Lymphomas

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21
Q

What causes a hematologic cancer?

A
  • environmental factors (radiation, ect.)

- pH chromosome (translocation of 9 and 22 chromosomes)

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22
Q

What are some risk factors for hematologic cancers?

A
  • Exposure to agents that cause DNA damage
  • Some types of infections
  • immunodeficiency disorders
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23
Q

What virus is linked frequently with lymphomas?

A

Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)

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24
Q

Cancer of the developing WBCs in bone marrow which leads to over-proliferation of cells that do not function.

A

Leukemia

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25
Q

Leukemia arising from cancerous myeloid WBCs

A

Myelocytic

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26
Q

Leukemia arising from cancerous lymphoid WBCs

A

Lymphocytic

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27
Q

Which lymphocytic leukemia is more common in children?

A

Acute (ALL)

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28
Q

Which lymphocytic leukemia is the most common leukemia in the US?

A

Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)

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29
Q

Which lymphocytic leukemia has a high level of immature blast cells?

A

Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)

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30
Q

Which cancer is 80% caused by chromosomal issues?

A

Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)

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31
Q

Which leukemia is most common in adults and elderly? Affects mostly the B cells.

A

Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)

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32
Q

Cells in this leukemia look like mature B cells, but do not function as such.

A

Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)

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33
Q

Caused by a proliferation of undifferentiated blast myeloid cells

A

Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)

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34
Q

This cancer can infiltrate the spleen, liver, lungs, and skin

A

Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)

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35
Q

This cancer’s risk is from receiving previous cancer treatments and radiation exposure

A

Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)

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36
Q

A cancer that is a result from an overproduction of mature myeloid cells

A

Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)

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37
Q

Arises from oncogene mutation or exposure to radtiation (high % has PhC)

A

Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)

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38
Q

What are the three phases of CML (chronic myelogenous leukemia)?

A
  1. Chronic
  2. Accelerated
  3. Blast
39
Q

The most common type of blood cancer in the U.S

A

Lymphomas

40
Q

What are the two types of lymphomas?

A

Hodgkin’s or Non-Hodgkin’s

41
Q
  • Most common in young adults
  • 17% of lymphoma cases
  • Malignancy of B lymphocytes
  • cause unknown, 50% have EBV
  • solid non painful lymph enlargement
A

Hodgkin’s lymphoma

42
Q

What kind of cancer involves Reed-Sternberg cells?

A

Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

43
Q
  • 83% of lymphomas
  • More common in older adults
  • Over 30 subsets
  • Can be related to B-cells, T-cells, or natural (NK) cells
  • chromosomal abnormality linked to cause
A

Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphomas

44
Q

Which lymphoma has a better survival rate?

A

Hodgkin’s lymphoma

45
Q

A sudden onset of night sweats is linked to which type of cancer?

A

Lymphomas

46
Q

How many stages of lymphomas are there?

A

4

47
Q

What stage of lymphoma is characterized by

  • localized diaphragm
  • single lymph node region
  • single organ
A

Stage I

48
Q

What stage of lymphoma is characterized by:

  • widespread disease
  • multiple organs involved
  • lymph node involvement may or may not be involved
A

Stage IV

49
Q

What stage of lymphoma is characterized by:

-two or more lymph node regions on the same side of the diaphragm

A

Stage II

50
Q

What stage of lymphoma is characterized by:

-two or more lymph node regions above and below the diaphragm

A

Stage III

51
Q

A generalized disorder that leads to bone destruction, bone marrow failure, renal failure, and neurological complications.

A

Multiple Myeloma

52
Q

Excess of its synthesized abnormal immunoglobin and Ig fragments referred to as monoclonal proteins or M-proteins.

A

Multiple Myeloma

53
Q

_____ lesions on bones may be present in multiple myeloma

A

Lytic

54
Q

True or False: Multiple myeloma can be cured.

A

False; it is terminal, however, patients can live for a long time with it.

55
Q

What is another name for a red blood cell?

A

Erythrocyte

56
Q

What is a reticulocyte?

A

It’s a premature red blood cell. (Not a RBC; does not function as a RBC)

57
Q

Which organ makes erythropoietin?

A

Kidneys

58
Q

RBCs are made up of how many hemoglobin?

A

4

59
Q

The percentage of blood made up of RBCs.

A

Hematocrit

60
Q

The 4 hemoglobin molecules are made up of how many alphas and betas?

A

2 alphas 2 betas

61
Q

Normal RBC value for a male

A

4.5-5.5

62
Q

Normal RBC value for a female

A

4.0-4.9

63
Q

Normal lab value of HGB for a male

A

13-18

64
Q

Normal HGB value for a female

A

12 to 16

65
Q

Normal HCT value for a male

A

45-55%

66
Q

Normal HCT value for a female

A

37-48%

67
Q

RBCs, HGB, and HCT values generally sit within ______ of one another

A

1/3

68
Q

The life expectancy of an RBC is _____ days.

A

120

69
Q

The _____ removes aged, loses, and dead RBCs from circulation

A

Spleen

70
Q

RBCs are broken down into their component parts, which are recycled to make new RBCs where?

A

Spleen

71
Q

What is the most common disorder of RBCs?

A

Anemia

72
Q

Anemia is caused by ______ or _______ blood loss.

A

Chronic; acute

73
Q

What three nutrients do you need to make RBCs?

A

Iron, Folic Acid, and Vitamin B12

74
Q

Symptoms of anemia include: (name 5)

A
  • Cold
  • Lethargy
  • Weakness
  • Increased heart rate
  • Changed stool color
  • Paleness
75
Q

What kind of anemia causes splenomegaly?

A

Hemolytic anemia

76
Q

What type of anemia can be related to menorrhagia (heavy menstrual flow)?

A

Chronic blood loss anemia

77
Q

True or False: Anemia can be caused by trauma

A

True

78
Q

Platelets greater than 750,000

A

Thrombocytosis

79
Q

What is the normal platelet numbers?

A

150,000-400,000

80
Q

Primary thrombocytosis occurs where?

A

Bone marrow

81
Q

Increased coagulation activity is caused by:

A

Stasis of the blood

82
Q

What is a platelet count less of 100,000 called?

A

Thrombocytopenia

83
Q

What causes impaired activity of platelet formation?

A
  • Medication
  • Renal failure
  • Genetic alterations
84
Q

What causes a depression of bone marrow?

A

Thrombocytopenia

85
Q

Ecchymosis or ecchymotic is also called ________

A

Bruising

86
Q

How many medication can cause drug-induced thrombocytopenia?

A

1500 medications (Heparin & Aspirin are two most common)

87
Q

What condition works on von Willebrand factor?

A

Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP)

88
Q

Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP) can be triggered by ________?

A

E-Coli 0157 — release of shiga toxin

89
Q

What is the clinical presentation of Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP)?

A
  • Purpura
  • Petechiae
  • Neurological changes
90
Q

A genetic disorder that include lack of either factor XIII or factor IX?

A

Hemophilia

91
Q

In hemophilia, common sites of bleeds include:

A
  • soft tissue
  • GI tract
  • joints
92
Q

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) can causing bleeding where?

A

Anywhere

93
Q

True or False: Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) can cause mortality.

A

True

Pathophysiology (8 decks)

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