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Pathophysiology > Pain, Nutrition, Eating Conditions > Flashcards

Pain, Nutrition, Eating Conditions Flashcards

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1
Q

Inability to effectively move in a purposeful manner

A

Immobility

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2
Q

The state of being inactive;idleness; reluctance in action

A

Inactivity

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3
Q

When blood supply is static within the veins

A

Venous stasis

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4
Q

Due to venous stasis, the blood doesn’t move so it coagulates (clots)

A

Thrombosis

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5
Q

Occurs when a blood clot dislodges, gets pumped to the heart and ends up in the lungs

A

Pulmonary embolism

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6
Q

Happens when veins lose pressure gradient and the blood pools and patient’s blood pressure drops when they stand

A

Orthostatic hypotension

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7
Q

Extended immobility leads to ______ cardiac output and heart rate increases.

A

Decreased

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8
Q

What is the accumulation of fluid in the alveoli in the lungs called?

A

Atelectasis

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9
Q

Extended immobility leads to ______ lung expansion

A

Diminished

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10
Q

Immobility leads to being:
Cough _________
Risk for aspiration & _________

A

Suppressed

Pneumonia

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11
Q

What happens to muscles due to immobility and inactivity?

A
  • weaken
  • atrophy
  • contractures
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12
Q

What kind of bone is the first effected by degeneration from immobility?

A

Trabecular bone

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13
Q

What happens to bone due to immobility?

A
  • degeneration
  • demineralization
  • osteoporosis
  • pathological fractures (not caused from injury)
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14
Q

What happens to the renal system due to immobility?

A
  • stasis
  • retention
  • infection
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15
Q

What happens to the GI system due to immobility?

A
  • poor diet
  • slowed peristalsis
  • ineffective defecation
  • constipation
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16
Q

How many stages of pressure injury are there?

A

4

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17
Q

What are some issues with the integumentary system due to immobility?

A
  • dry skin
  • pressure ulcers
  • moisture breakdown
  • tears and bruising
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18
Q

What are the 4 stages of pressure injury?

A

I. skin becomes affected (redness/irritation)
II. loss of skin (epidermal/dermal)
III. damage to fat layers (ulcerations)
IV. damage all the way down to bone

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19
Q

What are some psychosocial issues with immobility?

A
  • social isolation
  • sensory deprivation
  • anxiety /depression
  • fear
  • ineffective thought process (cognitive decline)
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20
Q

How does obesity occur?

A
  • energy intake exceeds energy needs
  • metabolic disorders
  • genetics
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21
Q

Very active fat cells are called _________

A

Adipocytes (adipose cells)

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22
Q

Adipose cells act in the manner of an _________ cell

A

Endocrine

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23
Q

True or false:

Adipose cells release adipokines

A

True

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24
Q

Where is the most harmful adipose tissue found?

A

Abdominal area

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25
What causes a nutritional deficit?
Not consuming the required (needed) amount of nutrients
26
What types of proteins do adipose cells make that lead to cellular dysfunction?
Adipokines
27
What location of the body has the most adipokines?
Abdominal area
28
What are some dysfunctions caused by adipokines?
- cellular insulin sensitivity - fat breakdown - blood lipid levels - hepatic glucose production
29
Megaloblastic anemia
Folate
30
Pellagra: pigmented rash on sun-exposed areas
Niacin
31
Cheilosis: fissures and irritation at the edges of the mouth
Riboflavin
32
Beriberi: neuropathy, muscle weakness, and wasting
Thiamine
33
Night blindness
vitamin A
34
Neuropathy, depression, microcytic anemia
vitamin B6
35
Scurvy: microbleeding
Vitamin c
36
Rickets
Vitamin D
37
Peripheral neuropathy, retinopathy, skeletal muscle atrophy
Vitamin E
38
Bleeding
Vitamin K
39
Eating disorder characterized by low BMI, amenorrhea, not consuming enough calories, extreme weight loss
Anorexia nervosa
40
Eating disorder characterized by consuming food and later throwing up or using other methods to unnaturally get rid of food
Bulimia nervosa
41
Eating disorder characterized by consuming a lot of food in one sitting
Binge eating
42
Sensory neurons that carry pain, temperature, touch, vibration, and pressure sensations into the dorsal horn of the spinal cord
Afferent neurons
43
At the spinal cord the afferent neuron connects with an ________.
Interneuron
44
Motor neurons that exit the spinal cord at the ventral horn and travel to the muscles of the body
Efferent neurons
45
The interneuron connects to an ________ neuron at the ventral horn and enacts motor activity
Efferent
46
The _______ tract directs sensory neuronal impulses from the spinal cord up through the brain stem to the hypothalamus and upper regions of the brain cortex
Spinothalamic
47
From the _________ portion of the brain, motor neurons descend downward in the spinal cord and cross over at the medulla to control the opposite side of the body. These motor neurons are known as ___________ tract
Somatosensory Corticospinal
48
Nerve fibers that respond to noxious stimuli
Nociceptors
49
Large, myelinated fibers that conduct impulses rapidly and cause the fast, short lived acute experience of pain
A delta fiber
50
Natural analgesic neurochemicals that inhibit pain sensation
Endogenous opioids
51
Endogeneous opioids include:
- Endorphins - enkephalins - dynorphins
52
A skin area innervated by sensory fibers of a single nerve root
Dermatome
53
A group of muscles primarily innervated by the muscle fibers of a single nerve root
Mytotome
54
Pain theory that states pain sensation must pass through a gate to be received by the brain.
Gate control theory of pain
55
The _________ is the brain’s perception of the body.
Neuromatrix
56
Consists of complex neural networks that are built into the brain from birth and develop throughout lifetime.
Neuromatrix
57
This theory of pain explains chronic and phantom limb pain
Neuromatrix theory of pain
58
When the pain response occurs at a distance from the actual pain site
Referred pain
59
The hallmark of referred pain
Visceral pain
60
Sensation of pain in an amputated part
Phantom pain
61
Specific pain syndromes (6)
- Cancer pain - Radiculopathy - diabetic peripheral neuropathy - complex regional pain syndrome - fibromyalgia - headache (cephalgia)
62
Pernicious anemia
Vitamin b12

Pathophysiology (8 decks)

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