Test 3-Cardiac/Respiratory Flashcards
(250 cards)
1
Q
The collapse of a small number of alveoli, resulting in decreased gas exchange.
A
Atelectasis
2
Q
Bloody sputum
A
Heoptysis
3
Q
Abnormally increased breathing
A
Tachypnea
4
Q
The process of inspiration/expiration of air through the pulmonary airways.
A
Ventilation
5
Q
The movement of blood through the pulmonary circulation
A
Perfusion
6
Q
When oxygen combines loosely with the heme portion of hemoglobin
A
Oxyhemoglobin
7
Q
Increase in carbon dioxide
A
Hypercapnia
8
Q
What kind of cells does the mucociliary apparatus contain?(2)
A
- Ciliated epithelial cells
- Goblet cells
9
Q
Where is the mucociliary apparatus located?
A
Located from the nasal passages to terminal bronchioles
10
Q
What is the purpose of the mucociliary apparatus?
A
To remove allergens (infection prevention)
11
Q
How does gas exchange work?
A
Oxygen and CO2 move through the alveolar capillary membrane.
12
Q
The heart and lungs are __________.
A
Codependent
13
Q
What are the symptoms of acute rhinitis?
A
- Nasal discharge
- Nasal congestion
- Sneezing
- Throat irritation
- Possible fever
14
Q
What is the inflammation of the mucous membranes of the nose called?
A
Acute Rhinitis
15
Q
What virus causes acute rhinitis?
A
Rhinovirus
16
Q
What is another name for acute rhinitis?
A
Common cold
17
Q
What is the inflammation of the pharynx?
A
Pharyngitis
18
Q
What bacteria causes acute pharyngitis?
A
beta-hemolytic streptococcus
19
Q
What becomes impaired in acute rhinitis?
A
Mucociliary transport
20
Q
What can acute pharyngitis be caused by?
A
Virus or bacteria
21
Q
What is characterized by: swelling and red pharyngeal membranes and tonsils; enlarged lymph nodes; sore throat; fever?
A
Acute Pharyngitis
22
Q
Infection of the facial sinuses and nose membranes?
A
Acute sinusitis
23
Q
Acute sinusitis is caused by:
A
Virus or Bacteria
24
Q
What is the clinical presentation of acute sinusitis?
A
- Headache
- Facial pain/pressure
- Nasal obstruction
- Fever
25
Streptococcus pyogenes-causing pharyngitis can cause what?
Strep throat
26
Streptococcus pyogenes if untreated can lead to:
Scarlet fever, rheumatic fever, or glomerulonephritis
27
Infection of the tonsil is called _____ _______.
Acute Tonsillitis
28
What viruses can cause acute tonsillitis?
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) or Adenovirus
29
Which bacteria causes acute tonsillitis?
Beta-Hemolytic Streptococcus (most common)
30
What is the clinical presentation of acute tonsillitis?
- swelling
- erythema
- difficulty swallowing
- fever
- sore throat
31
What is the infection and inflammation of the epiglottis called?
Epiglottitis
32
What is caused by respiration infection, exposure to chemicals, trauma, virus, or bacteria?
Epiglottitis
33
What condition can manifest as swelling which can lead to the blockage of airways?
Epiglottitis
34
What is the clinical presentation of epiglottitis?
- Swelling
| - Erythema
35
What is the inflammation of the larynx called?
Laryngitis
36
What causes laryngitis?
Virus
37
What is the clinical presentation of laryngitis?
- High pitched cough
- Hoarseness
- Lose of voice
- Stridor
38
What is stridor?
High-pitched lung sound upon inspiration
39
Pulmonary arterial vasconstriction is also called?
Pulmonary hypertension
40
The sensation of being short of breath is called _______.
dyspnea
41
Insufficient oxygen levels in the blood to meet the needs of tissues is referred to as _______.
Hypoxia
42
What is responsible for the stimulation of RBC and is secretes in response to low O2 levels in the blood stream?
Erythropoietin
43
The normal stimulus to breathe is ________.
Hypercapnia
44
The inflammation of bronchioles.
Acute bronchitis
45
What is the etiology of bronchitis?
-virus or bacteria
46
What viruses are responsible for acute bronchitis?
Influenza or coronavirus
47
What bacteria can cause acute bronchitis?
Bordetella pertussis (whooping cough)
48
What environmental factor can influence acute bronchitis?
Cigarette smoke
49
What is the pathology of Bronchitis?
- inflammatory response
- irritation and edema
- diminished mucociliary function
- airways become obstructed by WBCs and mucus
50
What is the clinical presentation of bronchitis?
- pharyngeal erythema
- rhinorrhea
- wheezing and rhonchi
- productive cough
- stridor
51
Out of wheezing or stridor, which is more dangerous?
Stridor
52
Inflammation of lung tissue which causes fluid buildup in the alveolar spaces
Pneumonia
53
Are bacteria or viruses more common in Pneumonia?
Bacteria
54
Which bacteria are responsible for Pneumonia?
- Streptococcus pneumonia
- Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
- Legionella
55
Which viruses are responsible for Pneumonia?
- Influenza
- Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
- Rhinovirus
- Coronavirus
56
What are some risk factors for Pneumonia?
- Immunosuppression (HIV/AIDS)
- Cancers
- Aspiration
57
What is the pathophysiology for pneumonia?
- pathogens enter lung tissue
- adheres to respiratory epithelium & stimulates inflammatory response
- excessive stimulation of respiratory goblet cells
- increase in edema and mucus
- impaired gas exchange
58
Clinical presentation of pneumonia
- cough
- fever
- chills
- pleuritic chest pain
- dyspnea
- hemoptysis
- tachypnea
- cyanosis
- crackles
59
What is caused by bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis?
Tuberculosis
60
How is tuberculosis spread?
Airborne droplets
61
Who are at risk individuals of tuberculosis?
- immunocompromised
- crowded environments
- nursing homes
- prisons
- healthcare workers
- urban residents
62
The most common respiratory infection worldwide?
Tuberculosis (TB)
63
What is the period where TB lives in the body but is inactive?
Latent Period
64
Can TB spread when it is in its latent period?
No
65
Latent TB can lead to _______ TB.
Disease
66
True or False: TB disease can cause death if it is not treated.
True
67
What is the pathophysiology of Tuberculosis?
- Droplets enter pathway
- Bacilli multiply, causing inflammation
- WBCs accumulate and wall off infection
- Create tubercle and surrounding scar tissue
- Bacteria multiply and damage lung tissue
68
What is the clinical presentation of tuberculosis?
- Cough (most common)
- Hemoptysis
- Fever
- Night sweats (key feature)
- Weight loss
- Crackles
- Caseous necrosis (dormancy and reactivation)
69
What condition causes reversible bronchoconstriction?
Asthma
70
Which pulmonary disease is characterized by inflammation of the bronchioles, impairment of the mucociliary movement, and is caused by either bacteria or a virus?
Bronchitis
71
What term describes when material from the oropharynx enters the lower respiratory tract?
Aspiration
72
When a patient coughs or sneezes, the body expels _______, which is exactly how tuberculosis and the coronavirus are transmitted.
Airborne droplets
73
Is asthma an acute or chronic disorder?
Chronic
74
What condition causes permanent inflammatory changes with each attack?
Asthma
75
What is the etiology of asthma?
- Combination of genes and environment
- Allergies
- Cigarette smoke
- Chemical fumes
- Viral infections
- Exercise
76
What is the pathophysiology of asthma?
- Trigger
- Bronchial constriction
- Inflammation
- Mucus secretion
- T-lymphocytes (Th1 and Th2)
- Immunogloblin E (IgE) activation and link to mast cells
- Releases histamines
- chemical mediators
- Bronchial edema and constriction
77
Signs of asthma
- airway inflammation
- hypersecretion of mucus
- airway muscle constriction
- swelling bronchial membranes
- coughing, wheezing, dyspnea
78
What is a combination of chronic bronchitis, emphysema, & hyperactive airway disease?
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
79
Emphysema damages the elasticity of the alveoli, which results in air trapping which causes what _________?
Chest to have a barrel-shaped appearance
80
What is the etiology of COPD?
- smoking
- occupational exposures
- environmental exposures
- genetic susceptibility (rare)
81
What is the patho of COPD?
Chronic bronchitis + loss of alveolar elastic recoil=
Obstruction and sub-optimal oxygenation
82
True or False: COPD is a devastating condition, however it does not cause permanent remodeling of pulmonary structure.
False. It DOES cause permanent remodeling.
83
What is the clinical presentation of COPD?
- worsening dyspnea
- cough/wheezing
- hypoxia (bronchitis)—> pulmonary arterial vasoconstriction
- clubbing of fingers
- right sided heart failure (cor pulmonale)
- barrel shaped chest (emphysema)
84
The intermittent cessation of air flow from the upper airway during sleep is called ______.
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)
85
What is another name for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)?
Hypoventilation syndrome
86
What is the clinical presentation of obstructive sleep apnea?
- loud snoring
- choking
- gasping
- unrestful sleep
- daytime sleeping
87
What are the risk factors for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)?
- airway anatomy
- obesity
- neck circumference
- alcohol
- medications
88
What the characteristics of Pneumothorax?
- collapsed lung
- air in the pleural cavity
- air presses against lung causing collapse
89
What is the etiology of pneumothorax?
- chest trauma
- rupture of the alveoli
- medical/surgical procedures
- spontaneous
90
What is the clinical presentation of a pneumothorax?
- chest pain
- dyspnea
- increased respiratory rate (tachypnea)
- lack of breath sounds on the affected sign
91
This condition is characterized by:
- fluid around alveoli
- inhibits oxygen transfer
- increased pressure in the capillaries of the lungs
Pulmonary edema
92
Which condition has fluid in the pleural space?
Pleural effusion
93
What is the etiology of pulmonary edema?
- LV heart failure
- Mitral valve disease
- Damage to capillary membranes
- infection
- inhaled chemicals
94
What is the clinical presentation of pulmonary edema?
- Respiratory distress
- Pink frothy sputum
- Crackles
- Confusion
- Heart failure
95
What is ARDS?
Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome
96
What is a sudden progressive pulmonary edema condition?
ARDS
97
What is ARDS characterized by?
Diffuse alveolar injury and pulmonary capillary damage
98
What is the etiology of ARDS?
- Following
- sepsis
- trauma
- massive transfusion
- drug overdose
99
True or False: ARDS is very difficult disease to survive.
True
100
Pathophysiology of ARDS
- inflammatory response
- release of cellular/chemical mediators
- damage to alveolar-capillary membrane
- fluid leaks into alveolar interstitial spaces
- alveoli collapse
- decrease lung compliance
- inability to ventilate
- hypoxia and hypercapnia
101
Clinical Presentation of ARDS
- severe hypoxia
- hypercapnia
- shortness of breath
- pink frothy sputum
- multi-system organ failure
- confusion, anxiety
- tachycardia
- acute kidney injury
102
_____ are elastic and allow for vasodilation and vasoconstriction
Arteries
103
Which system is blood brighter in?
Arterial
104
The arterial system is a _____ pressure system.
Higher
105
What is the most inner layer of the artery that is composed of endothelial cells and is reactive?
Tunica intima
106
What is the middle layer of an artery that is composed of smooth muscle?
Tunica media
107
What is the outer layer of an artery composed of connective tissue?
Tunica external
108
Which part of the artery does injury mostly occur?
Tunica intima
109
Which part of the artery protects and supports the artery?
Tunica external
110
Which part of the artery deals with blood pressure?
Tunica media
111
The pressure exerted on an artery wall by circulating blood
Blood pressure
112
Senses pressure changes by responding to change in the tension of the arterial wall
Baroreceptors
113
The amount of blood that the heart pumps in a min (mL/min)
Cardiac output
114
The amount of blood ejected from the LEFT ventricles of the heart per contraction (mL/beat)
Stroke volume
115
Resistance used to create blood pressure
peripheral vascular resistance
116
BP =
CO X PVR
117
How well the heart contracts
Contractility
118
How do the arteries compensate for decreased BP?
1. Baroreceptors sense drop in BP
2. Triggers SNS
3. Increased HR
4. Arterial vasoconstriction
119
How do the kidneys respond to a drop in blood pressure?
1. Drop in perfusion sensed by kidneys
2. Renin released
3. Angiotensin I
4. Angiotensin II
5. Aldosterone
6. Increased sodium and water reabsorption
7. Increased blood volume and blood pressure
120
How does the posterior pituitary gland respond to a drop in blood pressurre?
1. Poor perfusion sensed by posterior pituitary gland
2. ADH hormone released
3. Acts to increase water reabsorption at duct
4. Increase blood volume and blood pressure
121
Elevated lipids in the bloodstream (cholesterol and triglycerides)
Hyperlipidemia
122
Which lipoprotein is bad?
LDL (low density lipoprotein)
123
Why is LDL bad?
Carries cholesterol to the endothelial layer of arteries
124
Why is HDL good?
Carries extra cholesterol back to liver (liver extraction)
125
What condition is characterized by fatty deposits around the eyes?
Xanthelasma
126
What condition is characterized by arcus sennils?
Yellow ring around eyes
127
What condition is characterized by fatty deposits under skin?
Xanthoma
128
What are symptoms of Metabolic Syndrome (syndrome X)?
-Central obesity
-High BP
-High triglycerides
-Low HDL cholesterol
-Insulin resistance
(Lab tests run to find levels)
129
What part of the artery does atherosclerosis affect?
Tunica intima
130
What does athersclerosis cause??
- Higher blood pressure
| - Higher heart rate
131
What modifiable factors cause atherosclerosis?
- diabetes
- obesity/diet
- alcohol
- smoking
- sedentary lifestyle
- high BP
132
What nonmodifiable factors influence atherosclerosis?
- Age (older)
- Gender (men)
- Genetics
133
How does atherosclerosis develop?
- Injury to endothelial cells in artery
- LDL deposits at site of injury (WBCs engulf LDL)
- Foam cells absorb LDL and forms plaque
- Plaque forms and hypertrophies
- Vasodilation capacity decreases (diameter closes)
- Plaque calcifies over time (can break off and cause embolisms)
134
What part of the artery does hypertension effect?
Tunica Media
135
What health condition is considered the “silent killer”?
Hypertension
136
What are the risk factors for primary hypertension?
- age (older)
- Race (African)
- family hx
- obesity/lifestyle
- tobacco
- diet excess salt
- excessive alcohol
- stress
137
What are the causes of secondary HTN?
- Cushing’s disease
- Kidney disease
- Drugs
- neurogenic causes
- Pheochromocytoma
138
What is elevated BP related to?
Cardiovascular damage
139
What does hypertension do to arteries?
Weakens them
140
Hypertension causes higher resistance against _________?
Left ventricle
141
The extra resistance against the left ventricle on the heart during HTN causes what to happen?
The left ventricle to hypertrophy
142
What is peripheral arterial disease?
Atherosclerosis of extremely peripheral arteries
143
What does PAD do?
Causes obstruction of blood flow
144
Which vessels are mainly affected by PAD?
Femoral, iliac, tibial, popliteal
145
_______ and _______ increases the risk of PAD by 3-4x
smoking and diabetes
146
What is the clinical presentation of PAD?
- pain distal to occlusion
- cool skin
- pallor (pale)
- absent or weak pulse
- paresthesia (pins/needles)
* **DO NOT ELEVATE LEGS
147
What is activity causing that has pain with movement, but stops when resting?
Intermittent claudication
148
How many stages of PAD are there?
```
4
I. Reduced pulses
II. Intermittent claudication
III. Pain when resting
IV. Ulcers (Necrosis occurs)
**Typically 3/4 bring patients in**
```
149
Weakening in an artery (endothelial lining) that causes an area of bulging?
Aneurysm
150
What is the risk of an aneurysm?
Rupturing
151
What is the sequence of an aneurysm?
- Bulging occurs
- Wall weakens
- Blood becomes stagnant/turbulent
- Thrombus
- Rupture
152
When do symptoms of an aneurysm occur?
After the rupture
153
What is a symptom of a cerebral aneurysm?
- headache
| - cranial nerve dysfunction
154
What are symptoms of an abdominal aortic aneurysm?
- back, abdominal, or flank pain
- nausea or vomiting
- Stomach may have pulse when patient is laying down
- bruit/turbulent blood flow (swooshing)
155
What carries 2/3 of the body’s blood volume and returns blood to the heart?
Veins
156
Veins are a ______ pressure system
Low
157
Why do veins have valves?
To prevent back flow
158
True or False: Veins are collapsible
True
159
What is the Virchow Triad?
- Venous Stasis
- Hypercoagulabilty
- Vessel injury
160
What is the Virchow triad in relation to?
Deep Vein Thrombosis or Venus Thromboembolism
161
How many types of veins are there?
2
| Superficial and deep
162
How does a pulmonary embolism occur?
1. Blood clot breaks off
2. Travels up to vena cava
3. Passes through the heart
4. Lodges in piece of lung
* happens suddenly!*
163
What is the clinical presentation of DVT/VTE?
- swelling
- warmth
- tenderness
- redness
164
What are some risk factor of DVT/VTE?
- obesity
- smoking
- lifestyle
- cancer
- pregnancy (5% greater risk)
- birth control
- surgery before long distance travel
165
Symptoms of chronic venous insufficiency?
- Swelling in lower legs
- Aching or tiredness in legs
- Leathery looking skin
- new varicose veins
- flaking or itching skin
- stasis ulcers
166
What is chronic venous insufficiency caused by?
Trauma
Pregnancy
Prolonged standing
167
What does chronic venous insufficiency cause?
Damage to valves in the deep veins in the legs
168
What does chronic venous insufficiency lead to?
Impaired Venous Return
| Results in high venous pressure and stasis of blood
169
What is the etiology of varicose veins?
- Gender (women)
- Environment (prolonged standing/sitting)
- Pregnancy
- Lifestyle (sedentary/obesity)
170
Which veins does varicose veins occur in?
Superficial veins
171
What causes varicose veins?
Veins valves become damages and cannot prevent back flow. Causes valves to bulge.
172
Where does venous ulcers occur?
Lower extremities
173
What causes venous ulcers?
Sluggish circulation leads to poor oxygenation which leads to impaired waste removal
174
Clinical presentation of venous ulcers
- dark red
- uneven margins
- painful
- large amount of edema and drainage
- pulses present
- capillary refill is Normal
175
What is the sequence of conduction through the heart?
- Impulse
- SA node (natural pacemaker)
- AV node (helps contract ventricles)
- Bundle of His
- Purkinje Fibers
176
What happens during atrial depolarization?
The SA node activates (P wave)
177
What happens during ventricular depolarization?
The AV node activates (about to contract)
QRS wave
178
What happens during ventricular repolarization?
The P fibers are activated
| T wave
179
What happen during atrial fibrillation?
Loss of control of the SA node
180
What type of medication are people with A-Fib on?
Blood thinners
181
When cardiac cells generate spontaneous action potentials?
Automaticity
182
What happens during premature ventricular contractions (PVCs)?
The heart’s ventricles prematurely contract causing a person to have a fluttering feeling in chest
183
What can happen to a patient during ventricular fibrillation?
Patient may pass out which
184
Why can a patient pass out during ventricular fibrillation?
No blood is getting pumped out of the heart
185
What is ventricular tachycardia?
The ventricles are pumping too fast
186
What are clinical signs of ventricular tachycardia?
Low cardiac output (low BP/sweaty)
| Heart doesn’t have enough time to pump blood
187
What causes a third degree block?
There is a disconnect between the SA and AV nodes
188
What is the clinical signs of a third degree block?
Low heart rate and cardiac output
189
What are the two kinds of cardiac valve disease?
1. Stenosis
| 2. Regurgitation
190
What is stenosis of the heart valve?
Diseased tissue that doesn’t allow the valve to open properly
191
What is regurgitation of the cardiac valves?
The blood back flows in the heart due to not closing properly.
192
What causes ischemic heart disease?
Inadequate blood supply to the heart
193
What is unstable angina?
New chest pain
194
What causes myocardial infarction?
Cell death in the heart occurs?
195
What type of MI is characterized by complete occlusion?
STEMI
196
What type of MI is characterized by partial occlusion?
NSTEMI
197
True or False: Unstable angina causes permanent damage in the heart
False
198
How many types of acute coronary syndrome are there?
3
1. Unstable angina
2. STEMI
3. NSTEMI
199
Which type of acute coronary syndrome is there a complete thrombus occlusion?
STEMI
200
What type of damage does a NSTEMI cause?
Partial thickness damage
201
What type of damage does a STEMI cause?
Full thickness tissue damage
202
What EKG does unstable angina cause?
No changes
203
What EKG changes does an NSTEMI cause?
ST depression
204
What type of EKG changes does a STEMI cause?
ST elevation
205
When does an acute myocardial infarction occur?
Occurs when the tissue occurs a prolonged period of ischemia
206
What type of damage do cells endure during a myocardial infarction?
Irreversible
207
How is a myocardial infarction classified?
By its location of occlusion (back/front/side)
208
What is an acute MI cause by?
- Ruptured plaque and platelet aggregation
| - Clot
209
What does the extent of damage in an MI depend on?
1. Location of occlusion in the artery
2. Length of time of occlusion
3. Heart’s availability of collateral circulation
210
What is the chain of effects for an MI?
- Ischemia
- Irreversible cell damage
- Cell membranes rupture
- Release creatinine phosphokinase (CPK) and cardiac tropinin
*if levels are abnormal;may cause cell death
211
What are the complications following an MI?
- Reperfusion injuries (Myocardial stunning: cells are damaged and cannot handle blood)
- Conduction disorders (leads to dysrhythmias)
- Pericarditis
- Mitral regurgitation
212
Infection of the endocardium
Endocarditis
213
What does endocarditis mostly effect?
Heart valves
214
True or False: Endocarditis is an infectious disease
False
215
What bacteria causes endocarditis?
Strep viridans/staph aureus
216
How does endocarditis happen?
1. microorganisms enter the bloodstream
2. Travel and adhere to damaged heart tissue
3. Multiply and grow (coagulation cascade)
4. Vegetation develops
5. Vegetation damages heart structures and releases emboli
217
True or false: Endocarditis can happen in any heart tissue
TRUE
218
What is the clinical presentation of a MI?
- Diaphorsis (sweating)
- Crushing chest pain that radiates
- pallor (pale)
- Levine’s sign (fist at chest)
- Dyspnea
- nausea/vomiting
- ekg changes
- silent
219
True or False: Men and women have the same clinical presentation of an acute MI.
False. Women typically have different signs.
220
What is the clinical presentation of endocarditis?
- fever
- chills
- petechiae
- splinter hemorrhages
- Roth spots
- Osler nodes (finger tips)
- Janeway lesions (palms and soles)
221
The inflammation of the pericardium and epicardium.
Pericarditis
222
Pericardial effusion is ___________
Where fluid accumulates in the pericardium
223
What is the etiology of pericarditis?
- Viruses (influenza, EBV, Varicella, hepatitis, mumps, HIV)
- TB
- Autoimmune disorders
- Rheumatic Fever
- MI (Dressler’s syndrome)
- Radiation
224
How to pericarditis occur?
- Etiology
- Inflammation response
- Capillaries in membrane become more permeable (fluid leaks in)
- inflammation and edema
- restriction of heart movement
225
What it the clinical presentation of pericarditis?
- fever
- chest pain
- pericardial friction rub (scratching sound is audible)
- can lead to cardiac tamponade (too much fluid)
- can lead to Beck’s triad
- pulses paradoxus (decrease in systolic BP w/inspirations)
226
What is Beck’s triad?
- hypertension
- jugular vein distention
- muffled heart tones
227
What causes heart failure?
- Ischemic heart disease
- Chronic HTN
- Chronic pulmonary diseases
- Cardiomyopathy (muscles get smaller)
- Dysrythmias
- Valve Disease
228
What causes systolic heart failure?
- Weakened ventricle cannot eject blood
- Causes backup of pressure
- less blood is bumped out
229
What causes diastolic heart failure?
- ventricle cannot fully relax and expand
- causes stiff ventricle to fill with less blood
- less blood enters the ventricle
230
Is systole responsible for pumping or filling?
Pumping
231
Is diastole responsible for pumping or filling?
Filling
232
What is another name for cor pulmonale?
Right sided heart failure
233
Where does blood back flow in right right sided heart failure?
The vena cava
234
Where does blood back flow in left sided heart failure?
The pulmonary veins
235
Where does congestion occurs in right sided heart failure?
Jugular veins, liver, lower extremities
236
Where does congestion occur in left sided heart failure?
The lungs
237
What happens to the ventricles in either right or left sided heart failure?
Hypertrophies
238
What is left sided heart failure caused by?
Increased after load (resistance) from HTN
239
Why is the muscle ineffective at ejecting blood in left sided heart failure?
Stiffness caused from hypertrophy
240
What is the clinical presentation of backwards effects of LV heart failure?
- Crackles (fluid in lungs)
- Dyspnea
- Orthopnea
241
What is the forward effects of LV heart failure?
Confusion
| Poor urine output (RAAS)
242
- Congested heart failure
- Blood gets pushed back into the atria
- Creates a build up of pressure in the left atrium and pulmonary system
- causes fluid extravasation and accumulation in alveoli.
Backwards effects of left sided heart failure
243
- Effects the whole body
- Inadequate ejection of blood through the aorta
- decreased perfusion of organs
- decreased perfusion stimulates RAAS, ADH, SNS
Forward effects of left sided heart failure
244
What is right sided heart failure caused by?
- coronary artery disease
- HTN
- left ventricle failure
- right ventricle ischemia & infarction
- lun disease-cor pulmonale (COPD)
245
What the clinical presentation of backward effects of right sided heart failure?
- jugular vein distention
- splenomegaly
- hepatomegaly
- ascites (fluid in peritoneal cavity)
- edema
246
Clinical presentation of forward effects of right sided heart failure
Hypoxia (lack of blood flow)
247
- Difficulty pumping blood forward into pulmonary artery
- causes back of blood intro atria
- raises hydrostatic pressure on right side
- leads to increased pressure in superior and inferior vena cavity
Backwards effects of right sided heart failure
248
- Decreased pulmonary arterial blood flow
| - altered alveolar oxygen diffusion
Forward effects of right sided heart failure
249
Is backward or forward effects of right sided heart failure more common?
Backward effects
250
_______ are elastic and allow for vasodilation and vasoconstriction
Arteries
