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Pathophysiology > Inflammation, Wound Healing, Autoimmune Disorders > Flashcards

Inflammation, Wound Healing, Autoimmune Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

The protective, coordinated response of the body to an injurious agent

A

Inflammation

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2
Q

Inflammation that occurs rapidly in reaction to cell injury, rids the body of the offending agent, enhances healing, and terminates after a short period, either hours or a few days.

A

Acute inflammation

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3
Q

Inflammation that occurs when the inflammatory reaction persists, inhibits healing, and causes continual cellular damage and organ dysfunction.

A

Chronic inflammation

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4
Q

What at the three stages of acute inflammation?

A
  1. Vascular permeability
  2. Cellular chemotaxis
  3. System responses
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5
Q

Immune response to tissue injury or infection experienced as heat, redness, edema, pain and loss of function.

A

Inflammation

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6
Q

What happens immediately after injury inflammation?

A

Brief vasoconstriction

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7
Q

Two examples of vasoactive cells are:

A
  1. Prostaglandins

2. Histamine

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8
Q

Increased _____________ allows fluids and proteins to pass from the blood into the tissue.

A

Capillary permeability

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9
Q

A multi-stage that involves circulating immune cells (neutrophils) move out of the blood vessels to the site of injury and destroy pathogens and damaged cells.

A

Chemotaxis

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10
Q

The process where neutrophils squeeze through the endothelial gap

A

Diapedesis

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11
Q

The process where neutrophils encounter bacteria, engulf them, and digest them.

A

Phagocytosis

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12
Q

Erythema-redness

A

Rubor

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13
Q

Edema-Swelling

A

Tumor

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14
Q

Heat

A

Calor

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15
Q

Pain

A

Dolor

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16
Q

Fever, Pain, General malaise (a general feeling of poor health), lymphadenopathy (swollen lymph nodes), anorexia, sleepiness, lethargy, anemia, weight loss are all signs of what?

A

Systemic inflammation

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17
Q

Chemicals that reset the hypothalamic temperature center to a high setting

A

Pyrogens

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18
Q

The type of wound healing that occurs with clear wound edges with no missing tissue

A

Primary intention

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19
Q

A surgical incision is an example of what type of wound healing?

A

Primary intention

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20
Q

The type of wound healing where there is extensive loss of tissue

A

Secondary intention

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21
Q

Granulation and fibrous tissues are needed to fill in a gap in this kind of wound healing.

A

Secondary intention

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22
Q

The type of wound healing where the wound is missing a large amount of tissue and is contaminated.

A

Tertiary intention

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23
Q

The type of wound healing where a skin graft may be required.

A

Tertiary intention

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24
Q

What is the number one cause of delayed wound healing?

A

Infection

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25
Which enzyme is involves in the formation of prostaglandins association with pain and swelling?
Cox-2
26
Which enzyme is involves with the production of protective prostaglandins that help maintain the health of the gastric mucosa?
COX-1
27
Fluid that contains cells and proteins is called ______.
Exudate
28
Clear fluid
Serous
29
Sanguineous fluid
Blood
30
Part of the inflammatory response that causes vasodilation that helps get the blood where it needs to go.
Histamines
31
Elevates levels of white blood cells in the blood.
Leukocytosis
32
What does ESR mean?C
Erythrocytes sedimentation rate
33
What kind of medication can delay wound healing?
Corticosteroids
34
Type of cells that continually divide and replicate, thus can replace and repair injured cells
Labile Cells
35
Type of cells found in the liver and bone, can be induced to replicate with a strong enough stimulus
Stable cells
36
Type of cells that cannot regenerate or replace lost or damage cells (ex: heart and brain)
Permanent cells
37
Fluid inside of a blister
Clear transudate
38
Carries the pathogen to the host
Vector
39
Ability of the immune system to protect from infection
Immuno-competence
40
Blood stream infection
Septicemia
41
Common organisms that causes infections due to a weakened immune system
Opportunistic infection
42
Perform advantageous function in the host
Normal flora
43
Organisms that can lead to disease
Pathogens
44
Health care acquired infections
Nosocomial
45
- Free living organism in the environment - Can be advantageous or pathogenic - Can be treated with antibiotics
Bacteria
46
- Depends on the host cel for their life cycle - Reprograms the host cell to synthesize viral particles - Can cause acute or chronic infections - Antibiotics do not work to treat these infections
Viral
47
- Mold like organisms | - Can cause local or systemic infections
Fungus
48
Most common fungal infection
Candida (yeast)
49
Consists of: - Protozoa - Helminths (Worms) - Insects
Parasites
50
What the ways parasites can be transmitted?
- Contaminated water - Soil - Food - Disease carrying insects
51
The skin, mucous membranes, phagocytic cells, ciliated cells, and mediators of the inflammatory reactions are all examples of what immunity?
Innate
52
The type of immunity that is nonspecific (defends body of all pathogens).
Innate immunity
53
The type of immunity that is developed w/ exposure to antigens
Adapted immunity
54
Can change the host cells proteins in the CNS (brain) to prion-type protein leading to spongiform encephalopathy
Prions
55
Many organisms are transmitted by the ________________ system, but manifest somewhere else in the body.
Respiratory
56
Methicillin-resistance staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are what type of bacteria?
Gram positive
57
The most common cause of community-acquired pneumonia
Streptococcus pneumoniae
58
Caused by bacteria including: neisseria meningitidis and haemophilia influenzae
Bacterial meningitis
59
A highly contagious disease that invades the small and large intestines as a secondary infection related to long-term antibiotic therapies
C-Diff
60
Causes annual outbreaks that are particularly worrisome for children, the elderly, and those with chronic illnesses. This virus contains surface antigen proteins that facilitate transport into the respiratory cells.
Influenza
61
- Acquired through droplet inhalation - Incubation of 10-21 days when infection can be transmitted - Classic macular, papular rash begins on face and trunk and moves to extremities - Chicken pox: kids; shingles: adults
Varicella virus
62
- Commonly found in the GI and GU tracts - Overgrowth in response to the disruption of normal flora due to antibiotic therapy - Common in moist, warm areas of the body - May be seen in immunocompromised patients; can occur systemically
Candida (yeast)
63
- Caused by consuming contaminated water or food when the parasite is in the cyst stage and resistant to GI acid - Can be transmitted via the fecal-oral route - THe clinical disorder is referred to as dysentery
Giardiasis
64
- I require the host cell to replicate where I cause changes in the host cells proteins - I am a rare fatal degenerative neurological disease - On a pathological exam, the brain appears spongy - Symptoms: memory loss, personality changes, speech impairment, muscle rigidity and seizures
Spongiform encephalopathy
65
What is urticaria?
Hives
66
- What most people call “allergies” - Occurs in people who were previously exposed to an antigen - Hives, bronchial constriction, GI symptoms - involves the degranulation of mast cells after IgE antibodies encounter the antigen - Can be lifethreatening
Type I hypersensitivity
67
Anaphylactic shock can cause blood pressure to ______.
Drop
68
A reaction that is cytotoxic | Ex: a person receiving the wrong type of blood type
Type II hypersensitivity
69
Type of hypersensitivity that is immune complexed. | *Deposits of immune substances in the body tissue
Type III hypersensitivity
70
A delayed hypersensitivity reaction | Ex: exposure to poison oak
Type IV hypersensitivity
71
When the immune system do not distinguish between self and non self antigens.
Autoimmune disorder
72
Occurs when an infectious agent is composed of antigens that have the same amino acids sequences as some self-antigens.
Molecular mimicry
73
The disease that is characterized by a butterfly rash on the face and forms immune complexes that deposit in the organs and tissues. (Inflammation is triggered and damages organs)
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
74
Body’s immune system attacks synovial tissue causing inflammation and destruction of cartilage, bones, tendons, and ligaments. -The body’s immune system responds with B lymphocytes
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
75
- Abnormal accumulation of fibrous tissue in skin and organs. - Inflammation causes injury to the endothelial lining of blood vessels allowing activates cells into the body systems that are affected - CREST syndrome
Scleroderma
76
Scleroderma is also known as
Systemic sclerosis
77
- Attacks the CD4 T-cells and macrophages | - Slowly depletes the body’s immune system, both T Cell and B Cell immunity
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
78
In scleroderma, what is one of main organs effected?
Esophagus
79
How long does the seroconversion of HIV take?
2 weeks to 6 months
80
CD4 cells are also called?
T helper cells
81
The latent period of HIV cells can be how long? | -During this period opportunistic infections can arise
6 months to 10 years
82
Decreased CD4 level (helper T cells) and onset of opportunistic infection
AIDS

Pathophysiology (8 decks)

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