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Pathophysiology > Disorders Of The White Blood Cells And Lympoid Tissue > Flashcards

Disorders Of The White Blood Cells And Lympoid Tissue Flashcards

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1
Q

Penia

A

Deficiency

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2
Q

Neutropenia

A

An abnormally low amout of neutrophils within the blood

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3
Q

Leukopenia

A

A decrease in the absolute number of leukocytes within the blood

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4
Q

Pancytopenia

A

all of the blood cells are low

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5
Q

lymphoma

A

Diverse group of solid tumors composed of neoplastic lymphoid cells that vary with resect to molecular features, genetics, clinical presentation, and treatment.

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6
Q

What are the two types of lymphoma

A

Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin (NHL’s)

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7
Q

Pluripotent

A

not fixed as to developmental potentialities, not capable of differentiating into one of many cell types

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8
Q

“Blast”

A

new baby budding cell

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9
Q

How do all cells start out

A

as a stem cell

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10
Q

What are bands?

A

Immature Neutrophils

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11
Q

What are segs?

A

Segmented neutrophils

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12
Q

What is a normal differential for WBC

A

4000-11000

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13
Q

What are Eosinophils

A

leukocytes that constitute 1%-3% of the WBC. Help to control allergic responses and fight parasites

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14
Q

When do Eosinophils increase?

A

During allergic reactions and Parasitic infections

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15
Q

What are Basophils

A

Basophils are WBC that are present during inflammation. They contain Heparin and histamine. Present in IGE reactions.

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16
Q

What is heparin

A

an anticoagulant

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17
Q

What is histamine?

A

a vasodilator

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18
Q

What are leukocytes and where do they originate?

A

White blood cells that originate in the bone marrow and circulate through the lymphoid tissues in the body

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19
Q

Name the granulocytes

A

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, and Basophils come from the myeloid stem cell

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20
Q

Name the agranulocytes

A

lymphocytes and monocytes

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21
Q

What originates from the lymphoid stem cells in the bone marrow and travel between the blood and the lymphatic system

A

Lymphocytes

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22
Q

What cells originate from the lymphoid stem cell

A

NK, T cells and B cells

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23
Q

What cells originate from the myeloid stem cell

A

Monocytes, Granulocytes, Erythrocytes, Platelets

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24
Q

What is the number one reason for a low neutrophil count

A

Medications

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25
Neutrophils
Primary pathogen-fighting cells
26
When would you see an elevated neutrophil count on a differential?
With an acute bacterial infection or inflammation
27
What shits to the left?
Bands
28
What does it mean to shift to the left?
Shift to the left is where their may be an infection that the body shoots out immature WBC because it can't wait for the mature ones
29
A big increase in what kind of cell is not normal?
Basophils
30
What do basophils do?
Release heparin, seratonin, bradykinin, histamine and other inflammatory mediators.
31
Monocytes/ Macrophages (from myeloid stem cells) do what?
Antigen presenting cells, Create inflammatory mediatiors, are phagocyctic,
32
What does an increase in Monocytes suggest
May indicate infection. Inflammation, or Bone marrow injury (Leukemia)
33
RBC range
4.2 to 5.4
34
Hgb range
12-16
35
WBC Range
5,000 to 10.000
36
Neutrophils Range
55-70 ( if high, Bacterial infection)
37
Bands range
0-3
38
Eosinophils Range
1-2
39
Basophils
Less than 1
40
Name the leukocytes (from lymphoid cells)
B-cells, T-cells, Natural Killer cells
41
Leukocytes can be low from what?
Autoimmune diseases. Causes big lymphnodes- producing more B and T, inflammation, can be caused by mainly viruses or cancer
42
What do B cells create
Antibodies or Plasma
43
What do T cells do?
Control the immune response, cell mediated immunity
44
Which type of leukocyte works hardest when you receive a vaccination
B- Lymphocytes
45
What causes alterations in Leukocyte function
Quantitative disorders, and qualitative disorders
46
Quantitative disorders:
- increase or a decrease in the number of cells - Bone marrow disorders or premature destruction of cells (not functioning properly either low or high) - Response to infectious microorganism invasion
47
Qualitative Disorders:
- Disruption of cellular functions | - DNA or within the cell
48
Leukopenia and neutropenia is bad because of what (these are quantitive disorders)
A low white count predisposes a patient to infections, and having low levels these WBC is not normal and usually means cancer
49
Leukocytosis: (quantitive disorder)
is a normal protective physiologic response to physiologic stressors- means the body is trying to fight it so the WBC rises.
50
Quantitive; Low what are the danger numbers?
Under 1000 is really low. 500-1000 is the danger zone | Inadequate production= increased destruction
51
Increased destruction Leukopenia:
- Is immune mediated by itself or by drugs | Has increased destruction where it starts killing off own cells.
52
Why would you see a low WBC with a prolonged severe infection?
because cells are being destroyed very quickly and cannot be replaced fast enough
53
What does the spleen do?
Gets rid of old or non functioning cells
54
What is splenic sequestration (often seen with sickle cell)
spleen pulls cells that are not damaged or old and sequesters them prematurely. Sickle cell clogs up the spleen and doesn't let WBC through. Is an over overactive spleen.
55
Hypersplenism aka splenomegaly=
inappropriate spleen function (overactive spleen)
56
Leukemia-
- cancer of the blood cells - Creates abnormal White Blood Cells - also interferes with erythrocyte and platelet maturation and causes platelet damage
57
Where does leukemia take place
within the bone marrow
58
Are leukemias Lymphocytic or Myelogenous?
Both Lymphocytic (lymphoid stem cells) and myelogenous (myeloid stem cells)
59
What is the difference between acute leukemia and chronic leukemia
``` Acute= rapid onset, has blast cells (immature) Chronic= slow onset, has mature cells but they do not function properly ```
60
What do you worry about with acute leukemia
Pancytopenia, worry about bleeding and immune responses.
61
Pancytopenia
all blood cells are low
62
What are the signs and symptoms of acute leukemia
- Infection - Bleeding, bruising - Anemia - Malaise/Fatigue - weight loss - night sweats - bone pain - anorexia
63
Kinds of leukemias
``` Acute lymphocytic (ALL) Acute Myelogenous (AML) ``` Chronic Mylogenous Leukemia (CML) Philadelphia Chromosome= translocation of chromosome 9 and 22 Chronic Lymphatic Leukemia (CLL)
64
Lymphocytic Leukemias have lots of
B, T, NK but they are not functioning….so they do not make WBC, Monocytes, platelets or RBC because it is to busy making non functioing B, T, & NK cells
65
Lymphadenopathy:
Enlarged lymph nodes that become palpable and tender
66
General lymphadenopathy:
Occurs in the presence of malignant or non malignant disease
67
Local Lymphadenopathy
Drainage of an inflammatory lesion located near the enlarged node
68
Infectious Mononeucleosis symptoms
Big lymphnodes in the neck and groin area
69
What things cause lymphadenopathy
Neoplastic disease Immunologic or inflammatory conditions lipid storage diseases
70
Malignant Lymphomas
Malignant transformation of a lymphocyte and proliferation of lymphocytes, histocytes, their precursors, and derivatives in lymphoid tissues
71
Hodgkin Lymphoma
- Linked to EBV - b cell problem that invades lymphoid organs such as the spleen, adenoids, and thalmus - B cells go through apoptosis instead of becoming antibodies
72
What do you have to have present in order to diagnose hodgkin lymphoma
Reed Sternberg cells within the lymphnodes
73
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma affects...
Both B Cells and T cells
74
What are the signs and symptoms of Hodgkin Lymphoma
- Adenopathy and Spleenomegaly (Enlarged adenoids and spleen - Fever - Weight loss - Night sweats - pruritus (itching)
75
Laboratory Findings for Hodgkin Lymphoma
- Elevated ESR (Indicates inflammation) - Greatly elevated WBC - Low Lymphocyte count
76
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
- Generic term for diverse group of lymphomas - Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas are linked to chromosome translocations, viral and bacterial infections, environmental agents, immunodeficiencies, and autoimmune disorders
77
Which one is worse: | Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma or Hodgkin Lymphoma
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma because it effects both B & T cells and there is so many different Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas
78
What does a Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma do
- clonal expansion of B cells (85%) - changes in pro-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes contribute to the cell immortality and thus increases malignant cells.
79
Burkitt Lymphoma:
- Most common type of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma in children - very fast growing tumor in the jaw or facial bones. - involves adenoids - linked to EBV
80
Infectious Mononeucleosis (IM)
- Acute self limiting infection of the B lymphocytes transmitted by saliva through personal contact - Caused by the EBV 85% of the time - B cells have a EBC receptor site - Linked to Burketts Lymphoma, Nasopharyngeal carcinoma, hodgkin lymphoma

Pathophysiology (16 decks)

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