Structure and Function of the Skeletal System Chapter 42

Question 1

Functions of Skeletal System

Answer 1

• Support of the body
  
  • Protection of soft organs
  • Movement due to attached skeletal muscles
  • Storage of minerals and fats
  • Blood cell formation

Question 2

Parts of the Skeletal System

Answer 2

Axial skeleton
Appendicular skeleton

Bones (Connective)
Cartilages (Connective)
Ligaments
Joints

Question 3

Axial skeleton-

Answer 3

Skull and bones that support it
Includes vertebra and ribs
80 bones

Question 4

Appendicular skeleton-

Answer 4

Limbs

126 bones

Question 5

How many bones are there in the skeletal system?

Answer 5

206

Question 6

Connective Tissues-

Cartilages 3 Types

Answer 6

Hyaline
Elastic
Fibrocartilage

Question 7

Hyaline (most important)

Answer 7

Ribs, sternum, vertebrae, Articulating surfaces of movable joints
Essential for growth
Withstands stress
Injury does not heal
May become scarred or calcified (may become bone)

Elderly people’s articulating cartilage may be worn down over time.

Question 8

Elastic Cartilage

Answer 8

Similar to hyaline but more elastic
Flexible
Ear auricle, epiglottis, & larynx

Question 9

Fibrocartilage (dense)

Answer 9

Intervertebral Disks, knee menisci, symphysis pubis & some areas where tendons attach to bones

Shock absorber

Resistant to compression and shearing

Lets you move twist or bend (like spine)

has the greatest tensil strength

Question 10

Where do connective tissues get nourishment from?

Answer 10

synovial fluid

Question 11

Cartilage is ________ so i doesn’t heal well.

Answer 11

avascular

Question 12

Radiculopathy

Answer 12

radiating pain from a disc squishing a nerve

Question 13

Bone

Answer 13

Connective Tissue

• Hard Tissue provides support and protection
• Storage of Calcium and Phosphorus
• has extracellular matrix

Question 14

Periosteum

Answer 14

hard outer covering of a bone

Question 15

endosteum -

Answer 15

inner lining of periosteum on a bone

Question 16

Compact bone – (aka cortical bone)

Answer 16

hard strong layer

Uniform thick and hard

Question 17

Spongy bone – (aka cancellous bone)

Answer 17

at ends of long bones

Small needle-like 
pieces of bone
Many open spaces
Filled with marrow

Question 18

Marrow cavity –

Answer 18

hollow in middle of long bones

Question 19

Haversian System

Answer 19

Structure of compact bone

Rings of bone tissue with blood vessels and nerves in the center

Question 20

Bone Marrow

Answer 20

Red marrow – produces blood cells and clotting factors

Yellow marrow – stores fat

Question 21

Red marrow –

Answer 21

• produces blood cells and clotting factors
• Found in humerus, femur, sternum, ribs, vertebrae, pelvis
• Produces RBC 2 million per second

Question 22

Yellow marrow

Answer 22

stores fat

Found in many bones

Question 23

Children have more _______ marrow and less ______ due to the fact that their bodies are still growing

Answer 23

more red , less yellow

Question 24

Hematopoiesis

Answer 24

the formation and development of blood cells.

Question 25

Bone Cells

Answer 25

Osteoprogenitor Cells Osteoblasts Osteocytes Osteoclasts

Question 26

Osteoprogenitor Cells

Answer 26

Differientiate into several cell types

Question 27

Osteoblasts

Answer 27

Bone-forming cells - Alkaline phosphatase Produce Type I collagen Responds to Parathyroid Hormone Produce Osteocalcin (pull together osteoblasts, calcium and phosphate to lay down new bone)

Question 28

Osteocytes (directors)

Answer 28

Mature bone cells tell osteoclasts and osteoblasts what to do

Question 29

Osteoclasts

Answer 29

Bone-destroying cells “bone-chewing” | Break down bone matrix for remodeling and release of calcium

Question 30

Bone remodeling is a process by both osteoblasts and osteoclasts

Answer 30

take down the old bone to lay down the new bone Bone-remodeling units Repairs microscopic injuries and maintains bone integrity has 3 phases

Question 31

What are the three phases of bone remodeling

Answer 31

Phases 1. Activation of the remodeling cycle 2. Reabsorption 3. Formation of new bone

Question 32

What element is necessary to have for bone remodeling

Answer 32

Vitamin D.

Question 33

When it pertains to bones, elderly people can develop ________.

Answer 33

Osteoporosis

Question 34

Calcitriol -

Answer 34

Form of Vitamin D Promotes Osteoclast activity ↑blood Calcium Produced by UV radiation Best way to get vitamin d helps increase the breakdown of bone.

Question 35

Bone breakdown = more _______ in the bloodstream that can be used later in _________.

Answer 35

calcium, bone formation

Question 36

Parathyroid consists of _____ glands

Answer 36

4

Question 37

Calcium Homeostasis Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

Answer 37

TELLS TO BREAK DOWN BONES! Secreted by Parathyroid gland to ↑blood Ca+ Stimulates Osteoclast→Ca+ release Promotes Calcium resorption by kidneys (Low blood calcium stimulates)

Question 38

Calcium Homeostasis Calcitonin-

Answer 38

TELLS TO STOP BREAKING DOWN BONE! Secreted by Thyroid gland to ↓blood Calcium ↓Osteoclast activity ↑Osteoblast activity ↑Excretion of Ca+ & Phosphorus in Kidneys

Question 39

Joints

Answer 39

- Site where two or more bones meet (called articulations) -Promote stability and mobility of the skeleton

Question 40

deposition means

Answer 40

deposit

Question 41

Joint classifications based on movement

Answer 41

Synarthroses Synovial Diarthroidal

Question 42

Synarthroses

Answer 42

Immovable or limited movement | No Joint cavity

Question 43

Synovial Diarthroidal

Answer 43

``` Freely movable (articulate capsule) Joint Cavity Containing synovial fluid ``` (can repair and heal but not well)

Question 44

What is the most complicated joint in the human body

Answer 44

the shoulder

Question 45

tendonitis

Answer 45

inflamed tendon that causes squeezing resulting in pain and reduction of mobility.

Question 46

Tendons

Answer 46

Strong and not elastic | Tendons connect muscles to bone

Question 47

Ligaments

Answer 47

connect bones to one another Strong and not elastic more pliable than tendons

Question 48

Tendinosis

Answer 48

Painful degradation of collagen fibers

Question 49

Bursitis

Answer 49

Inflammation of a bursa Skin over bone, skin over muscle, and muscle and tendon over bone Caused by repeated trauma Septic bursitis is caused by a wound infection