Control of Resipratory Function Chapter 21 Flashcards by Rain Sanchez

Dyspena

“a subjective experience of breathing discomfort that consists of qualitatively distinct sensations that vary in intensity”

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Involuntary breathing is controlled by

Controlled by Medulla (ANS) - specifically the Respiratory Center (located within the Brain Stem, innervated by Vagus Nerve)

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Voluntary

breathing is when the

Cortex - Overrides

an example would be holding your breath if needed.

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What position would give the patient better circulation and better air

high fowlers

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In the apex, the alvioli are

less in number but are bigger

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What are conducting airways lined with?

mucous membranes

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What do conducting airways do

Move air into lungs
Warm and humidify air
Trap inhaled particles

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gas is exchanged within the

alveoli

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True or false

The right bronchus is larger than the left

true

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What is the smallest functional unit of the lung

globule

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Does co2 drive respiratory rate?

No, expecially not for COPD people

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Ventilation=

alvioli

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Profusion=

blood

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The interstitial space is

the area between the basement membranes where gas exchange occurs

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Lung structure/airways

Type I cells are?

Alveolar cells

Most cells are these cells

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Type II cells are?

also Alveolar cells known as Pneumocytes

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What do Pneumocytes do

they produce surfactant

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What is surfactant

surfactant helps reduce surface tention to keep alvioli inflated.

babies that are born early may not have enough surfactant and they could die

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What is the main function of the lungs?

Gas exchange

Moves o2 into the blood
and co2 our of the blood

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What is required for gas exchange

ventilation and profusion

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What are the other functions of the lung other than gas exchange?

Blood storage

Regulates vasoconstricting (angiotension II) and vasodilating substances…(andiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II which is a blood constrictor)

Maintain PH (C02 up or down)

Eliminates water through breathing

maintain normal body temp

immune responses (antibacterial properties)

hormone secretion

metabolism

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What components must a normal lung have in order to stay alive

Adequate inspired O2 – (FiO2)
Ventilation and perfusion of alveoli
A permeable alveolocapillary membrane
Adequate blood flow
Ability to transport O2
Ability to Eliminate CO2

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What is Fio2

a fraction of inspired o2, the amount of the oxygen content in the air you breathe

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r/a

room air = 21% o2

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what would happen if you didn't have adequate oxygen

hypoxia

1 liter of oxygen =

24%

2 litter of oxygen =

28% increase in 4% incriments starting at 24%

what is ventilation

exchange of gas and air between the lungs and the atmosphere so that oxygen can be exchanged for carbon dioxide in the alveoli

Specifically Alveolar Ventilation is-

the effective ventilation within the ALVEOLI

What are the early symptoms of hypoxia

RAT restlessness anxiety Tachycardia/tachypenea

What are the late symptoms of hypoxia

BED bradycardia extreme restlessness dyspnea (severe)

True or false | It is not within the nurses scope of practice to start oxygen

false, it is within the scope of practice for a nurse to start oxygen

What happens in the event of a non ventilated alveolar shunt

blood would pass without getting oxygen

What causes a non ventilated alveolar shunt

Obstruction Constriction Allergies Mucus

Would increasing the oxygen to someone that had an alveolar shunt help them?

yes, it will make up the deficit

A normal lung has a permeable membrane which is a site for the gasous exchange called the

permeable alveolocapillary membrane

What picks up the oxygen in the lungs

RBC's, because of hemoglobin

Blood flow=

profusion

Why do hypoxic people get tired

because they breathe harder, respirate more, which causes exaustion.

What does profusion of Alvioli mean

bloodflow to the alvioli

What is perfusion

Perfusion is the delivery of the blood to the capillary bed

Specifically Alveolar Perfusion is the

delivery of blood to the capillary bed that supplies the Alveoli - to be delivered to other organs and body tissues

What if you were breathing air and it got into the Alveoli, but there was no blood to pick up the Oxygen?

alveolar dead space

What Might cause this type of problem? Would increasing the amount of delivered oxygen help?

hypertension yes

dead space

dead space refers to the air that must be moved with each breath but does not particupate in gas exchange

What if you had Ventilation and Perfusion - but not enough Hemoglobin or altered ability to carry Hemoglobin?

usually happens with Anemias

What if Hemoglobin was attached to Carbon Monoxide?

happens with car exaust suicide | red blood cells are taken up by co2

Shunt ventilation=

obtruction contriction allergies mucus

dead space perfusion

heart failure clots blood loss

shunt is bloodflow without o2 and dead space is

o2 without bloodflow to it

What if you were unable to elimate o2, this would be reffered to as

hypercapnea

if you had no _____ you could not get rid of co2

perfusion

if you had decreased ________ you may hold onto excess co2

ventilation

What is lung compliance

The ease with which the lungs can be inflated

What does lung compliance depend on

Elastic Properties Water Content Surface Tension

What happened if the lungs became stiff

Collagen fibers of scar Tissue have replaced Elastin Fibers

Elastic Properties

how much it stretches and gives

Water Content | in the lungs is

reduced area for oxygen exchange

surface tension in the lungs involves

surfactant | high surfactant = hard to inflate

What changes the elastic properties in the lungs

If they are CONGESTED OR EDEMATOUS

Reversible Decrease in Compliance | mean

after mucus is gone, the lung goes back to normal

Increased water content in the lung usually means

heart failures | high elevations can also cause pulmonary edema

Elastic Properties - Recoil

If they are ALREADY STRETCHED OUT - more compliant Unable to go back to original state Easy to inflate, but hard to deflate

Surface Tension | in lung compliance means

Surfactant Lowers surface Tension- increases compliance Prevents Pulmonary Edema

If you do not have approximately equal Ventilation and Perfusion it is called:

Ventilation/Perfusion Mismatch (V/Q)

if Ventilation and Perfusion are not matched properly what happens

hypoxia

ventilation down means

no o2 in the alvioli, shunt or deadspace

A nurse remembers a low ventilation perfusion ratio results in

shunting