Dispensing & Incompatibilities Flashcards
(265 cards)
1
Q
Small scale of production
Preparation, mixing, assembling, packaging or labeling of a drug
or device
A
COMPOUNDING
2
Q
Large scale production
Production, preparation, propagation, conversion or processing of a drug or device, either directly or indirectly, by extraction from
substances of natural origin or independently by means of chemical or biological synthesis, and includes any packaging or
repackaging of the substance(s) or labeling or relabeling of its
container, and the promotion and marketing of such drugs or devices
A
MANUFACTURING
3
Q
to refer to compounded prescriptions
A
PREPARATION
4
Q
refer to manufactured pharmaceuticals
A
PRODUCTS
5
Q
ne that the pharmacist is not expecting to receive nor expecting to receive again
A
ISOLATED PRESCRIPTION
6
Q
→ one that the pharmacist may expect to receive in the future on
a routine basis, and there may be some benefit to products quality to standardize preparations like this (Preparation
protocols on file)
A
ROUTINE PRESCRIPTION
7
Q
one of which multiple identical units are prepared as a single
operation in anticipation of a receipt of prescription
A
BATCH PREPARED PRESCRIPTION
8
Q
Factors to Consider in Compounding (7)
A
Stability
Compounding support
Training and experience of pharmacist
Equipment
Environmental/compounding facility
Formulas
Chemical supplies
9
Q
A
10
Q
extent to which a preparation retains, within specified limits and throughout its period of storage and use, the same properties and characteristics that is possessed at the time of compounding
A
STABILITY
11
Q
is the time and date after which the
compounded product should not be stored nor transported
A
beyond-use date
12
Q
is the term for manufactured
products (date assigned)
A
Expiration date
13
Q
For non-sterile compounded drug product packaged in tight,
light, resistant containers and stored at controlled room
temperature:
For non-aqueous liquids and solid formulations (manufactured drug product is the source of active
ingredient)
The beyond-use date is _____
A
The beyond-use date is not later than 25%
of the time remaining until the product’s expiration
date or 6 months, whichever is earlier
14
Q
A
15
Q
For product with A USP or NF substance as the
source of active ingredients → The beyond-use date is _____
A
The beyond-use date ≤ 6 months
16
Q
For water-containing formulations (prepared from ingredients in solid form) → The beyond-use date is ____
A
The beyond-use date is not later than 14 days when stored at cold temp
17
Q
For all other formulations → The beyond-use date is ______
A
The beyond-use date is not later than intended duration of therapy or 30 days, whichever is earlier unless there is a supporting valid scientific
stability information applicable to the specific prep
18
Q
<795> BUD
A non-aqueous formulation (eg, a
capsule without water in it)
A
6 months maximum BUD
19
Q
<795> BUD
An oral formulation containing water
A
14 days under refrigeration maximum BUD
20
Q
<795> BUD
A topical containing water (eg, ointment)
A
30 days maximum BUD
(Usually if it contains water, it is
shorter beyond-use date because
of possible microbial contamination)
21
Q
*Storage Temp
Freezer
A
between -25C and -10C
22
Q
*Storage Temp
Cold Temp
A
not exceeding 8C
23
Q
*Storage Temp
Refrigerator
A
thermostatically controlled between 2 and 8C
24
Q
*Storage Temp
Cool Temp
A
between 8 and 15C
25
*Storage Temp
Controlled Room Temp
thermostatically controlled between 20C and 25C with allowed excursions between 15C to 30C
26
Based on the type and extent of the services one chooses to
provide
EQUIPMENT
27
[EQUIPMENT]
- for aseptic compounding of sterile solutions
- used to maintain the number of the particulates flowing in the
air
LAMINAR FLOW HOOD
28
- to maintain temperatures as specified in the USP
REFRIGERATOR
29
-instrument for determining the relative weights of substances
- should be selected correctly for the specific task at hand
- used skillfully
- protected from damage
- checked periodically
BALANCE
30
Classification of Balance (4)
Single-beam (equal/unequal arm)
Compound lever
Torsion
Electronic
31
-used to weigh up to 60 grams of the ingredient depending on the stated capacity
- all prescription departments, like in a hospital pharmacy must have
CLASS A OR CLASS III PRESCRIPTION
BALANCES
32
other balances may be used aside from Class A, provided they
give equivalent or better accuracy – like __________
electronic single-pan balance
33
Prescription balance uses the _____ or _____ principle
taut wire frame or
torsion principle
34
-a class III balance
- have a maximum maintenance
sensitivity of 6 mg with no load
and with full load, used to weigh
quantities up to 60g
PRESCRIPTION BALANCES
35
-typically this are the type of balances that have the sensitivity of less than 10mg.
-Most accurate compared to class III balance
ELECTRONIC BALANCES
36
-maximum weight that can be placed on the balance pan
CAPACITY
37
-or sensitivity requirement or sensitivity reciprocal ; the smallest weight that gives a
perceptible change in the indicating element
SENSITIVITY
38
In ______ the smallest weight increment that can be read on the digital display of
the balance (eg. 0.001 g)
ELECTRONIC BALANCE
39
On _______, the smallest weight
increment determined by the value of a hash-mark on the graduated dial or weigh beam
DOUBLE-PAN BALANCE
40
(Double-pan balance)
on the graduated dial or weigh beam (eg. on metric
scale of the dial, each mark = ____)
0.01g
41
- reproducibility of the weighing measurement as expressed by a standard deviation
PRECISION
42
closeness of the displayed weight as measured by the balance, to the true weight
ACCURACY
43
(SR) = mg
Sensitivity Requirement
44
The United States Pharmacopoeia, allow a max error of _____ on a single way operation
5%
45
- very handy and the securely contain substances being weighed
- useful for weighing liquids because they have rigid sides
- more expensive than weighing papers
WEIGHING DISH
46
Weighing dish is usually made of ______________, with capacity of _____mL
aluminum or polystyrene plastic
5 to 250mL
47
[Weighing Paper]
preferred and recommended
Glassine Paper
48
[Weighing Paper]
-more acceptable for most purposes
PARCHEMENT PAPER
49
[Weighing Paper]
-transparent and water-proof
WAX PAPER
50
[Weighing Paper]
-usually used for dry powder
SIMPLE BOND PAPER
51
[Weighing Paper]
- has surface that does not absorb materials placed on them
- drugs and chemicals are easily slipped off for
GLASSINE PAPER
52
[Weighing Paper]
- more absorbent than glassine and should not
be used for weighing thick liquids like coal tar
PARCHMENT PAPER
53
Stainless spatulas with ______ or ____ handles
wooden or plastic
54
Micro Spatulas aka
Small double bladed, nickel stainless steel spatulas
55
Hard Rubber aka
Teflon-coated stainless-steel spatulas
56
Flexible rubber spatulas aka
Rubber policeman or Rubber scrapers
57
Graduates such as cylindrical and conical; pipettes; and medicine dropper
used to measure solvents
Volumetric devices
58
- to contain that holds particular volume but will not dispense the exact volume (e.g. burettes and beakers)
TC
59
- to deliver that dispense the volume indicated;
designed to drain by gravity (e.g. pipettes)
TD
60
are the easiest to use with wide mouths, and bases are the easiest to clean. Liquids may be stirred in them with the aid of a stirring rod
Conical graduates
61
- as the diameter of the graduate increases, the _______ decreases
accuracy of
the measurement
62
- plastic or glass, with different capacities and different stern lengths and diameters
FUNNELS
63
used for transferring solutions from one
container to another and not used for thick emulsions or suspensions
- used for filtering solutions
FUNNELS WITH NARROW STEM DIAMETERS
64
- used for transferring powder from mortars and
other mixing vessels
- may also be used for transferring emulsions or suspensions
FUNNELS WITH SHORT LARGER DIAMETER
STEMS OR POWDER FUNNELS
65
-ideal for particle size reduction and making
emulsions
- it should not be used for drugs that stain, drugs present in small quantity, and very potent or hazardous drugs
WEDGWOOD MORTARS
66
- have more attractive white glazed surface
- provide less shearing efficiency than wedgwood and are less durable
PORCELAIN MORTARS
67
similar to wedgwood mortars but have abradant interior working surfaces and have similar uses and precautions
- less durable than wedgwood mortars
CERAMIC MORTARS
68
- commonly used in hospitals
- have smooth, non-porous interior surfaces
- useful for drugs that stain
- useful for making solutions and for diluting creams
to lotions
GLASS MORTARS
69
- preferred for triturating highly potent drugs and to
triturate hazardous drugs
- effective as Wedgewood or ceramic mortars in
reducing particle size of powder especially hard
crystals but not efficient for making emulsions and
suspensions
GLASS MORTARS
70
ANY ingredient for use in compounding a drug product
COMPONENT
71
- are chemicals, substances or other components of articles
intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment or prevention of diseases
ACTIVE INGREDIENT
72
- “Excipients” or “Pharmaceutic aids”
- inert ingredients or inactive ingredients
ADJUVANT
73
[GRADE]
Highest purity and required for accurate
volumetric analysis
Primary standard
74
[GRADE]
Very high purity (2)
Spectroscopic Grade
Analytical Reagent
75
[GRADE]
High purity; Conforms to minimum standards set by the American Chemical Society
ACS
76
[GRADE]
Meets minimum purity standards: conforms to tolerance set by the USP/NF
USP/NF
77
[GRADE]
Refined, but still of unknown quality
CP
78
[GRADE]
Undetermined quality
Technical or commercial
79
[GRADE]
Certified to meet or exceed the specification prescribed in the food
chemical codex
Unofficial FCC
80
[GRADE]
Chemicals that have clearance for use in the food
Food Grade
81
[GRADE]
For cosmetic purposes
Cosmetic grade
82
- imparts pleasant flavor and often odor to a preparation
FLAVORANT
83
[Flavoring Methodology]
blend different flavors; most common; appropriate for sour taste
BLENDING
84
[Flavoring Methodology]
- these are flavors with longer and stronger taste that are added to the obvious taste
OVERSHADOW
85
[Flavoring Methodology]
- formation of insoluble compounds of the
offending drug
PHYSICAL
86
[Flavoring Methodology]
- chemical reaction, such as adsorption
or complexation
CHEMICAL
87
[Flavoring Methodology]
- anesthetizing the taste buds
PHYSIOLOGICAL
88
Bitter Taste (2)
Chocolate
Anise
89
90
Sweet (3)
Fruit
Berry
Vanilla
91
Sour (4)
Citrus
Root Beer
Anise
Strawberry
92
Salty (5)
Butterscotch
Maple
Peach
Melon
Raspberry
93
App. Flavoring Methodology for medication with Sour taste (1)
Blending of Flavor
94
App. Flavoring Methodology for mdications with bitter taste
Blending
Physiological
Physical
95
[SOLVENT]
universal solvent, can dissolve both ionic and
polar solutes
WATER
96
[SOLVENT]
most commonly used as flavoring agents; easily driven off from the solution and easily salted out by electrolytes
AROMATIC WATER
97
[SOLVENT]
- solvent, flavorant, used as medicinals
SYRUP
98
[SOLVENT]
- best solvent for phenols, iodine, boric acid, borates, tannic acid and cresol
GLYCERIN
99
[SOLVENT]
- good solvent for organic compounds such as alkaloids, glycosides, camphor, phenol, tannins, balsams
resins and for some inorganic salts
ALCOHOL
100
[SOLVENT]
- not preferred for salts because it accentuates
the saline tastE
ELIXIRS
101
Aromatic elixir, NF contains approx. ____ alcohol
22%
102
[Oils]
solvents used for IM injection
Peanut, Corn, Sesame, Mineral (PMSC)
103
used as base for alkaloids
OLEIC ACID
104
for sprays and drops
OLIVE OIL
105
[Pharmaceutical Ingredient]
- agents that increase the thickness or hardness of
the preparation
STIFFENING AGENT
106
[Pharmaceutical Ingredient]
vehicle for drug substances formulated into suppositories
SUPPOSITORY BASE
107
Witepsol is derived from saturated fatty acid, particularly _______
Lauric acid
108
Wecobee is from _____
COCONUT OIL
109
[Pharmaceutical Ingredient]
- agents which reduce interfacial tension
- can also be used as wetting agents, detergents, and emulsifying agents
SURFACTANT
110
[Pharmaceutical Ingredient]
- increases viscosity and reduces rate of sedimentation
SUSPENDING AGENT
111
[Pharmaceutical Ingredient]
imparts sweetness
SWEETENING AGENT
112
[Pharmaceutical Ingredient]
render solutions similar in osmotic dextrose
characteristics to physiologic fluids
TONICITY AGENTS
113
[TABLET EXC.]
ingredients that
imparts satisfactory characteristics to the
formulation.
Essential components
114
[TABLET EXC.]
ingredients that imparts
satisfactory compression characteristics. Examples are glidants, anti-adherence, and
lubricant
COMPRESSION AIDS
115
[TABLET EXC.]
ingredients
that will give additional desirable physical characteristics to the finish tablets
SUPPLEMENTARY COMPONENTS
116
Are liquid preparations that contain one or more chemical substances dissolved in a suitable solvent or mixture of mutually miscible solvents
SOLUTIONS
117
Most solutions are _____ with the solute
UNSATURATED
118
The strengths of which are usually expressed in terms of ____
% strength
119
although for very dilute preparation, ____ are
used
ratio strength
120
Unsaturated
is the concentration of the solute in the
solution that is below in the solubility limit
121
Drugs and chemicals are less stable when in solution than when
in ________
dry, solid form
122
If an ______ of a poorly water-soluble drug is used,
the aqueous solution is added to the alcoholic solution
alcoholic solution
123
The ___ form of the drug is used
salt
124
Factors to consider in Preparing Solutions (5)
1. Stability
2. pH
3. Solubility of the chemicals
4. Taste (for oral solution)
5. Packaging need
125
stability of the _____ and the preparation as a whole is
considered
active drug
126
usually stated as the number of parts (by volume) that will
dissolve one part (by weight or by volume of a liquid) of the
substance
SOLUBILITY
127
Solubility =
g of solute/ml
128
- prepared by dissolving a solute in the suitable solvent and the
solvent may contain other ingredients which stabilize or solubilize
the active ingredient
- uses solute and solvent ; applies stirring or heat
SIMPLE SOLUTIONS
129
-prepared by reacting two or more solutes with each other in a
suitable solvent
SOLUTION BY CHEMICAL REACTION
130
- extracting solutions coming from plants or animal products
- produces a product called Extractives
SOLUTIONS BY EXTRACTIONS
131
Non-sterile Solution (3)
○ Oral solutions
○ Topical solutions
○ Other solutions
132
STERILE SOLUTIONS (3)
○ Parenteral solutions
○ Ophthalmic solutions
○ Nasal solutions
133
[Classification]
By site of administration
○ Oral solutions
○ Otic solutions
○ Ophthalmic solutions
○ Topical solution
134
Based on composition
Syrups
Elixirs
Spirits
Aromatic water
135
Based on methods of prep and conc.
Tincture and fluid extracts
136
compose mainly of sugar with aqueous solution; contains high content of sugar or sucrose
SYRUPS
137
sweet and hydroalcoholic solution
Elixirs
138
solutions of aromatic material if the solvent is alcohol; contains high content of alcohol
SPIRITS
139
Oil with Water
Aromatic water
140
Are solutions prepared by extracting active constituents from crude drugs
Tinctures or Fluid extracts
141
Aqueous solutions that contain sugar w/ or w/out flavoring
agents & medicinal substances
SYRUPS
142
[Syrups]
- contain flavoring agents but w/out medicinal substances
NON-MEDICATED OR FLAVORED VEHICLE
143
[Syrups]
prepared commercially for therapeutic value
MEDICATED SYRUPS
144
Preparation of Syrups (5)
Solution with heat
Agitation or soln w/o heat
Simple Admixture
Reconstitution
Percolation
145
is produced by the separation of
fructose in glucose
Invert sugar
146
is also formed during the inversion of sucrose and sweeter than sucrose
Levulose
147
- commonly used for parenterals such as powder for inj, powder for suspension
- a simple reconstitution is not an example of extemporaneous compounding
RECONSTITUTION
148
- method use for syrup according to USP
- in this procedure, purified water or an aqueous solution
is permitted to pass slowly through a bed
Percolation
149
Clear, sweetened hydroalcoholic solutions intended for oral use
and are usually flavored to enhance palatability
Contains 5-40% alcohol content and >10-12% is considered self-
ELIXIRS
150
2 Types of Elixirs and 2 Examples
Medicated and Non-medicated
Dexamethasone and Digoxin Elixir
151
Alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solutions prepared from vegetable materials or from chemical substances
Contains 15-80% alcohol content
TINCTURE
152
Example of Tincture (1)
Opium Tincture
153
“Embrocation”
-Primarily used for external application
-Solution or mixtures of various substances in oil, alcoholic solutions of soap, or emulsions and may contain preservatives
LINIMENTS
154
Uses of Liniments (3)
Rubefacient
Counterirritant
Mildly astringent
155
External application that causes dilation of the capillaries and increase in the blood circulation
Rubefacient
156
Applied locally to produce superficial
inflammation to reduce deeper inflammation
Counter irritant
157
Other Solutions (5)
Enemas
Douches
Otic Solutions
Gargles
Mouthwashes
158
solutions intended to be administered rectally
Enemas
159
-Not to be swallowed
-May be concentrated solutions which may contain antiseptics, analgesics, or weak astringents
-Needed to be diluted first with warm water before use
GARGLE AND MOUTHWASHES
160
A special liquid solution containing pyroxylin (a nitrocellulose) in
a mixture of ethyl ether and ethanol
Colloidons
161
Colloidons are applied to the skin by means of a soft brush or other suitable applicator and, when the ether and ethanol have
evaporated, leave a film of ______ on the surface
pyroxylin
162
The official medicated collodion
Salicylic Acid Collodion USP
163
Salicylic Acid Collodion USP contains _______ in _______ and
is used as a keratolytic agent in the treatment of warts
10% w/v of Salicylic Acid in Flexible Collodion USP
164
Collodion is made flexible by the addition of ____ and ___
castor oil and camphor
165
are solutions or mixtures of medicinal substances in not less than 50% by weight of glycerin
Glycerins or Glycerites
166
administered as nose sprays or nose drops
Nasal solutions
167
Nasal solutions are ___ to nasal secretions and buffered to normal pH range as nasal fluids
Isotonic
168
- sterile, non-pyrogenic solutions use to wash or bathe surgical incisions, wounds, or body tissues
IRRIGATION SOLUTIONS
169
Aqueous Solutions (9)
Douches
Enemas
Gargles
Mouthwashes
Nasal washes
Juices
Sprays
Otic solutions
Inhalations
170
Sweet or Viscid
Syrups
Honeys (antibacterial)
Mucilages
Jellies
171
Non-aqueous
Elixirs
Spirits
Colloidons
Glycerins
Liniments
Oleo vitamin
172
0.9% Sodium Chloride
Shorthand Notation:
Isotonic pH:
Component:
NS
pH 5.7
154 mEq Sodium
154 mEq Chloride
173
Ringer's Injection, USP
Isotonic pH:
Component:
pH 5.8
147 mEq Sodium
4 mEq Potassium
4 mEq Calcium
155 mEq Chloride
174
Ringer's Injection, USP
Shorthand Notation:
Isotonic pH:
Component:
LR
pH 6.6
130 mEq Sodium
4 mEq Potassium
3 mEq Calcium
109 mEq Chloride
28 mEq Sodium Lactate (Provides 9 calories/liter)
175
Consist of particulate matter known as dispersed phase, dispersed throughout a continuous or dispersion medium.
DISPERSED SYSTEM
176
Internal Phase aka ______
Dispersed Phase
177
External Phase
Continuous Phase
178
Dispersed system are classified according to _____
particle size
179
Molecular Dispersion
size:
category:
<1nm
True Solution
180
Colloidal Dispersion
size:
category:
1nm - 0.5um
Colloid
181
Coarse Dispersion
size:
category:
>0.5um
Suspension & Emulsion
182
Solid Drug in Liquid Vehicle
Suspension
183
Liquid Drug in Liquid vehicle
Emulsion
184
-liquid preparations that consist of solid particles dispersed throughout a liquid phase in which the particles are not soluble
-liquid preparations of drugs containing finely divided drug particles distributed uniformly throughout the vehicle
SUSPENSIONS
185
-small particles aggregate into clumps or
floccules
- it increases the rate of sedimentation and may
prevent pourability
AGGREGATION
186
- downward movement
- the velocity of fall of a suspended particle in a
vehicle of a given density is greater for larger particles than is for smaller particles
- the greater the density of particles, the greater
the descent
SEDIMENTATION
187
the suspension shall form loose networks of
flocs that settle rapidly, do not form cakes and
are easy to resuspend
Settling and Aggregation
188
- may result in formation
of cakes (suspension) that is difficult to resuspend
or phase separation (emulsion)
Settling and Aggregation
189
Term for collection of particles
Flocs
190
Natural Polysaccharides (6)
Tragacanth (1-3%)
Acacia gum (10%)
Starch agar
Guar gum
Carrageenan
Sodium alginate (1-2%)
191
Semi-synthetic polysaccharides (5)
-Methylcellulose
(Cologel®, Celacol®)
1- 7%
-Hydroxyethylcellulose
(Natrosol 250)
-Sodium
carboxymethylcellulose
(Carmellose sodium®)
-Microcrystalline
cellulose (Avicel®)
-Carboxymethylcellulose
(1 3%)
192
Clays (2)
Bentonite (6%)
Magnesium aluminium
silicate (Veegum®)
193
Synthetic Thickeners
Carbomer
(Carboxyvinyl polymer, Carbopol®)
Colloidal silicon dioxide
(Aerosil®, Cab-o-sil®)
Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)
194
Miscellaneous Thickeners
Gelatin
195
Used as a
suspending agent and
a viscosity increasing
agent
GELATIN
196
General Classes of Suspension (3)
-Oral Suspension
-Externally Applied Suspension
-Parenteral Suspension
197
Are semi solid system made up of either small
inorganic or large organic molecules interpenetrated
by a liquid
GELS
198
Are dispersion of insoluble inorganic drugs
MAGMAS/MILKS
199
The liquid dispersions or preparations
containing finely divided insoluble materials intended
MIXTURES
200
-are either liquid or semi solid preparations that contain one or more active ingredients in and
appropriate vehicle
- can contain antimicrobial preservatives and
stabilizers
- intended to be applied to the unbroken skin without friction
- are usually suspensions of solids in aqueous medium
LOTIONS
201
Are two-phase systems in which one liquid is dispersed
throughout another liquid in a form of small droplets.
EMULSIONS
202
A dispersion in which the dispersed phase is composed of small
globules of a liquid distributed throughout a vehicle in which it is immisicible.
-Heterogenous system that consist of at least 1 immiscible liquid droplets
EMULSIONS
203
Liquid droplets or solute
Discontinuous phase/Internal phase/ Disperse phase
204
Solvent
Continuous phase/External phase/ Disperse medium
205
- when the oil phase is dispersed as globules
throughout an aqueous continuous phase
Emulsion: OIL-IN-WATER EMULSION (o/w)
206
- when the oil phase serves as the continuous phase
Water in Oil Emulsion (w/o)
207
the dispersed phase of these emulsions
contains smaller droplets that are miscible with the
continuous phase
-could be o/w/o or w/o/w
MULTIPLE EMULSIONS
208
the dispersed phase of these emulsions are in
nanometer size range
-most stable
MICROEMULSIONS
209
Fusion of the dispersed droplets; reversible
AGGREGATION
210
complete fusion of droplets; irreversible
COALESCENCE
211
migration of droplets of internal phase to the top of the emulsions
CREAMING
212
Downward movement
SEDIMENTATION
213
the irreversible coalescence of droplets of the
internal phase and separation of the dispersed phase as a
separate layer
CRACKING
214
when an emulsion changes from o/w to w/o
PHASE INVERSION
215
The most stable range of dispersed phase conc. is _______
30-60%
216
Dry Gum is also known as ______
CONTINENTAL METHOD
217
used for forming emulsions using natural emulsifying
agents (acacia) and requires a specific order of mixing
- it uses 4:2:1 method
-water should be added rapidly
DRY GUM METHOD
218
421 Method of Dry Gum
○ 4 - Fixed oil
○ 2 - Water
○ 1 - Gum or emulsifying agent
219
it uses same proportion of ingredients as the dry gum method in
preparing the primary emulsion but requires a different order of mixing
-oil is added slowly
-the product is oil in water emulsion
WET GUM OR ENGLISH METHOD
220
Acacia Emulsion (o/w)
Primary Emulsion
421 (o/w/a)
221
Acacia Emulsion (o/w)
Ratio for volatile oils
3:2:1 or 2:2:1
222
Bottle Method aka
Forbes Bottle Method
223
- useful for extemporaneous preparations of emulsions from
volatile oils or oleaginous substances or low viscosity
BOTTLE OR FORBES BOTTLE METHOD
224
Bottle Method Ratio
3:2:1
225
Beaker Method aka _____
IN SITU SOAP METHOD
226
- used in preparing emulsions using synthetic emulsifying agents.
- produces a satisfactory preparation regardless of the order of mixing
- involves sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide
BEAKER METHOD / IN SITU METHOD
227
- means beginning to exist or to develop (preparation of emulsifier)
Uses any of the two soaps – hard soap and soft soap
NASCENT
228
Prototype of Nascent:
Lime water emulsion
229
-Acts by lowering the interfacial tension
-Provide a barrier around the droplet as they form and prevent
EMULSIFYING AGENTS
230
[Emulsifying acc to Function]
capable of stabilizing emulsions by themselves
TRUE OR PRIMARY EMULSIFIERS
231
[Emulsifying acc to Function]
used in combination with primary emulsifiers
STABILIZERS OR AUXILIARY AGENTS
232
[Emulsifying acc to Source]
may be derived from vegetable and animal source
NATURAL
233
[Emulsifying acc to Source]
are anionic, cationic, nonionic
SYNTHETIC
234
water faces - monovalent, polyvalent and organic soaps
(carboxyl, sulfate, sulfonate)
ANIONICS
235
quaternary and
pyridinium nitrogen
(benzalkonium chloride)
CATIONIC
236
(Polyhydroxyl
groups) Spans (1-9) Tweens (11-20)
NONIONIC
237
emulsifiers and surfactants are characterized by the hydrophilic
lipophilic balance (HLB)
HLB
238
A relative of polar and non-polar groups
in the surfactant
HLB (Hydrophilic Lipophilic Balance)
239
HLB 1-3
ANTIFOAMS
240
HLB 4-6
WATER-IN-OIL EMULSIFIER
241
HLB 7-9
WETTING & SPREADING AGENTS
242
HLB 8-18
OIL-IN-WATER EMULSIFIERS
243
HLB 13-15
DETERGENTS
244
HLB 10-18
SOLUBILIZERS
245
SPAN 80
Sorbitan monooleate
246
SPAN 60
Sorbitan monostearate
247
SPAN 40
Sorbitan monopalmitate
248
SPAN 20
Sorbitan monolaureate
249
TWEEN 65
Polyoxyethylene sorbitan tristearate
250
TWEEN 85
Polyoxyethylene sorbitan trioleate
251
TWEEN 80
Polysorbate 80
252
TWEEN 40
Polysorbate 40
253
TWEEN 20
Polysorbate 20
254
- forms a good, stable emulsion of low viscosity
- tends to cream easily
- acidic and stable at a pH range of 2-10
- negatively charged, dehydrates easily and usually requires a
preservative
ACACIA
255
forms a stable emulsion that is coarser than acacia emulsion
- difficult to hydrate
- used mainly for its effects on viscosity
TRAGACANTH
256
-is an anionic gum that is primarily used to increase viscosity
- its stability is affected by heating, dehydration and destruction
of charge
- susceptible to microbial degradation
AGAR
257
-used in the same proportion as tragacanth
- favor o/w
PECTIN
258
-provides good emulsion stabilization in a concentration of
0.05% - 1.0%
- used to produce capsule shells
GELATIN
259
[Types of Gelatin]
prepared from acid treated precursor; used in acidic media
TYPE A GELATIN (+)
260
[Types of Gelatin]
prepared from alkali treated precursor; used in basic media
TYPE B GELATIN (-)
261
-nonionic and induces viscosity
- used as a primary emulsifier with mineral oil and cod liver oil, and yields an o/w emulsion
- usually used in 2% concentration
METHYL CELLULOSE
262
-anionic and is usually used to increase viscosity; forms o/w
emulsion
- tolerates alcohol up to 40% forms a basic solution, and
precipitates in the presence of free acids
CARBOXYMETHYLCELLULOSE
263
is added if the preparation is intended to last longer than a few days ○
PRESERVATIVES
264
Preservatives must be soluble in _____ phase to be effective
water
265
Preservative combination
Methylparaben (0.2%)
Propylparaben (0.02%)
