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PSMA > Dispensing & Incompatibilities > Flashcards

Dispensing & Incompatibilities Flashcards

1
Q

Small scale of production
Preparation, mixing, assembling, packaging or labeling of a drug
or device

A

COMPOUNDING

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2
Q

Large scale production
Production, preparation, propagation, conversion or processing of a drug or device, either directly or indirectly, by extraction from
substances of natural origin or independently by means of chemical or biological synthesis, and includes any packaging or
repackaging of the substance(s) or labeling or relabeling of its
container, and the promotion and marketing of such drugs or devices

A

MANUFACTURING

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3
Q

to refer to compounded prescriptions

A

PREPARATION

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4
Q

refer to manufactured pharmaceuticals

A

PRODUCTS

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5
Q

ne that the pharmacist is not expecting to receive nor expecting to receive again

A

ISOLATED PRESCRIPTION

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6
Q

→ one that the pharmacist may expect to receive in the future on
a routine basis, and there may be some benefit to products quality to standardize preparations like this (Preparation
protocols on file)

A

ROUTINE PRESCRIPTION

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7
Q

one of which multiple identical units are prepared as a single
operation in anticipation of a receipt of prescription

A

BATCH PREPARED PRESCRIPTION

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8
Q

Factors to Consider in Compounding (7)

A

Stability
Compounding support
Training and experience of pharmacist
Equipment
Environmental/compounding facility
Formulas
Chemical supplies

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9
Q
A
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10
Q

extent to which a preparation retains, within specified limits and throughout its period of storage and use, the same properties and characteristics that is possessed at the time of compounding

A

STABILITY

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11
Q

is the time and date after which the
compounded product should not be stored nor transported

A

beyond-use date

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12
Q

is the term for manufactured
products (date assigned)

A

Expiration date

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13
Q

For non-sterile compounded drug product packaged in tight,
light, resistant containers and stored at controlled room
temperature:

For non-aqueous liquids and solid formulations (manufactured drug product is the source of active
ingredient)

The beyond-use date is _____

A

The beyond-use date is not later than 25%
of the time remaining until the product’s expiration
date or 6 months, whichever is earlier

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14
Q
A
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15
Q

For product with A USP or NF substance as the
source of active ingredients → The beyond-use date is _____

A

The beyond-use date ≤ 6 months

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16
Q

For water-containing formulations (prepared from ingredients in solid form) → The beyond-use date is ____

A

The beyond-use date is not later than 14 days when stored at cold temp

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17
Q

For all other formulations → The beyond-use date is ______

A

The beyond-use date is not later than intended duration of therapy or 30 days, whichever is earlier unless there is a supporting valid scientific
stability information applicable to the specific prep

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18
Q

<795> BUD
A non-aqueous formulation (eg, a
capsule without water in it)

A

6 months maximum BUD

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19
Q

<795> BUD
An oral formulation containing water

A

14 days under refrigeration maximum BUD

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20
Q

<795> BUD
A topical containing water (eg, ointment)

A

30 days maximum BUD
(Usually if it contains water, it is
shorter beyond-use date because
of possible microbial contamination)

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21
Q

*Storage Temp
Freezer

A

between -25C and -10C

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22
Q

*Storage Temp
Cold Temp

A

not exceeding 8C

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23
Q

*Storage Temp
Refrigerator

A

thermostatically controlled between 2 and 8C

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24
Q

*Storage Temp
Cool Temp

A

between 8 and 15C

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25
Q

*Storage Temp
Controlled Room Temp

A

thermostatically controlled between 20C and 25C with allowed excursions between 15C to 30C

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26
Q

Based on the type and extent of the services one chooses to
provide

A

EQUIPMENT

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27
Q

[EQUIPMENT]
- for aseptic compounding of sterile solutions
- used to maintain the number of the particulates flowing in the
air

A

LAMINAR FLOW HOOD

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28
Q
  • to maintain temperatures as specified in the USP
A

REFRIGERATOR

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29
Q

-instrument for determining the relative weights of substances
- should be selected correctly for the specific task at hand

  • used skillfully
  • protected from damage
  • checked periodically
A

BALANCE

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30
Q

Classification of Balance (4)

A

Single-beam (equal/unequal arm)
Compound lever
Torsion
Electronic

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31
Q

-used to weigh up to 60 grams of the ingredient depending on the stated capacity
- all prescription departments, like in a hospital pharmacy must have

A

CLASS A OR CLASS III PRESCRIPTION
BALANCES

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32
Q

other balances may be used aside from Class A, provided they
give equivalent or better accuracy – like __________

A

electronic single-pan balance

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33
Q

Prescription balance uses the _____ or _____ principle

A

taut wire frame or
torsion principle

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34
Q

-a class III balance
- have a maximum maintenance
sensitivity of 6 mg with no load
and with full load, used to weigh
quantities up to 60g

A

PRESCRIPTION BALANCES

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35
Q

-typically this are the type of balances that have the sensitivity of less than 10mg.

-Most accurate compared to class III balance

A

ELECTRONIC BALANCES

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36
Q

-maximum weight that can be placed on the balance pan

A

CAPACITY

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37
Q

-or sensitivity requirement or sensitivity reciprocal ; the smallest weight that gives a
perceptible change in the indicating element

A

SENSITIVITY

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38
Q

In ______ the smallest weight increment that can be read on the digital display of
the balance (eg. 0.001 g)

A

ELECTRONIC BALANCE

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39
Q

On _______, the smallest weight
increment determined by the value of a hash-mark on the graduated dial or weigh beam

A

DOUBLE-PAN BALANCE

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40
Q

(Double-pan balance)
on the graduated dial or weigh beam (eg. on metric
scale of the dial, each mark = ____)

A

0.01g

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41
Q
  • reproducibility of the weighing measurement as expressed by a standard deviation
A

PRECISION

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42
Q

closeness of the displayed weight as measured by the balance, to the true weight

A

ACCURACY

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43
Q

(SR) = mg

A

Sensitivity Requirement

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44
Q

The United States Pharmacopoeia, allow a max error of _____ on a single way operation

A

5%

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45
Q
  • very handy and the securely contain substances being weighed
  • useful for weighing liquids because they have rigid sides
  • more expensive than weighing papers
A

WEIGHING DISH

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46
Q

Weighing dish is usually made of ______________, with capacity of _____mL

A

aluminum or polystyrene plastic

5 to 250mL

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47
Q

[Weighing Paper]
preferred and recommended

A

Glassine Paper

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48
Q

[Weighing Paper]
-more acceptable for most purposes

A

PARCHEMENT PAPER

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49
Q

[Weighing Paper]
-transparent and water-proof

A

WAX PAPER

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50
Q

[Weighing Paper]
-usually used for dry powder

A

SIMPLE BOND PAPER

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51
Q

[Weighing Paper]
- has surface that does not absorb materials placed on them
- drugs and chemicals are easily slipped off for

A

GLASSINE PAPER

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52
Q

[Weighing Paper]
- more absorbent than glassine and should not
be used for weighing thick liquids like coal tar

A

PARCHMENT PAPER

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53
Q

Stainless spatulas with ______ or ____ handles

A

wooden or plastic

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54
Q

Micro Spatulas aka

A

Small double bladed, nickel stainless steel spatulas

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55
Q

Hard Rubber aka

A

Teflon-coated stainless-steel spatulas

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56
Q

Flexible rubber spatulas aka

A

Rubber policeman or Rubber scrapers

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57
Q

Graduates such as cylindrical and conical; pipettes; and medicine dropper

used to measure solvents

A

Volumetric devices

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58
Q
  • to contain that holds particular volume but will not dispense the exact volume (e.g. burettes and beakers)
A

TC

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59
Q
  • to deliver that dispense the volume indicated;
    designed to drain by gravity (e.g. pipettes)
A

TD

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60
Q

are the easiest to use with wide mouths, and bases are the easiest to clean. Liquids may be stirred in them with the aid of a stirring rod

A

Conical graduates

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61
Q
  • as the diameter of the graduate increases, the _______ decreases
A

accuracy of
the measurement

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62
Q
  • plastic or glass, with different capacities and different stern lengths and diameters
A

FUNNELS

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63
Q

used for transferring solutions from one
container to another and not used for thick emulsions or suspensions
- used for filtering solutions

A

FUNNELS WITH NARROW STEM DIAMETERS

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64
Q
  • used for transferring powder from mortars and
    other mixing vessels
  • may also be used for transferring emulsions or suspensions
A

FUNNELS WITH SHORT LARGER DIAMETER
STEMS OR POWDER FUNNELS

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65
Q

-ideal for particle size reduction and making
emulsions
- it should not be used for drugs that stain, drugs present in small quantity, and very potent or hazardous drugs

A

WEDGWOOD MORTARS

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66
Q
  • have more attractive white glazed surface
  • provide less shearing efficiency than wedgwood and are less durable
A

PORCELAIN MORTARS

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67
Q

similar to wedgwood mortars but have abradant interior working surfaces and have similar uses and precautions
- less durable than wedgwood mortars

A

CERAMIC MORTARS

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68
Q
  • commonly used in hospitals
  • have smooth, non-porous interior surfaces
  • useful for drugs that stain
  • useful for making solutions and for diluting creams
    to lotions
A

GLASS MORTARS

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69
Q
  • preferred for triturating highly potent drugs and to
    triturate hazardous drugs
  • effective as Wedgewood or ceramic mortars in
    reducing particle size of powder especially hard
    crystals but not efficient for making emulsions and
    suspensions
A

GLASS MORTARS

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70
Q

ANY ingredient for use in compounding a drug product

A

COMPONENT

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71
Q
  • are chemicals, substances or other components of articles
    intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment or prevention of diseases
A

ACTIVE INGREDIENT

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72
Q
  • “Excipients” or “Pharmaceutic aids”
  • inert ingredients or inactive ingredients
A

ADJUVANT

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73
Q

[GRADE]
Highest purity and required for accurate
volumetric analysis

A

Primary standard

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74
Q

[GRADE]
Very high purity (2)

A

Spectroscopic Grade
Analytical Reagent

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75
Q

[GRADE]
High purity; Conforms to minimum standards set by the American Chemical Society

A

ACS

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76
Q

[GRADE]
Meets minimum purity standards: conforms to tolerance set by the USP/NF

A

USP/NF

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77
Q

[GRADE]
Refined, but still of unknown quality

A

CP

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78
Q

[GRADE]
Undetermined quality

A

Technical or commercial

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79
Q

[GRADE]
Certified to meet or exceed the specification prescribed in the food
chemical codex

A

Unofficial FCC

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80
Q

[GRADE]
Chemicals that have clearance for use in the food

A

Food Grade

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81
Q

[GRADE]
For cosmetic purposes

A

Cosmetic grade

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82
Q
  • imparts pleasant flavor and often odor to a preparation
A

FLAVORANT

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83
Q

[Flavoring Methodology]
blend different flavors; most common; appropriate for sour taste

A

BLENDING

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84
Q

[Flavoring Methodology]
- these are flavors with longer and stronger taste that are added to the obvious taste

A

OVERSHADOW

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85
Q

[Flavoring Methodology]
- formation of insoluble compounds of the
offending drug

A

PHYSICAL

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86
Q

[Flavoring Methodology]
- chemical reaction, such as adsorption
or complexation

A

CHEMICAL

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87
Q

[Flavoring Methodology]
- anesthetizing the taste buds

A

PHYSIOLOGICAL

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88
Q

Bitter Taste (2)

A

Chocolate
Anise

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89
Q
A
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90
Q

Sweet (3)

A

Fruit
Berry
Vanilla

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91
Q

Sour (4)

A

Citrus
Root Beer
Anise
Strawberry

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92
Q

Salty (5)

A

Butterscotch
Maple
Peach
Melon
Raspberry

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93
Q

App. Flavoring Methodology for medication with Sour taste (1)

A

Blending of Flavor

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94
Q

App. Flavoring Methodology for mdications with bitter taste

A

Blending
Physiological
Physical

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95
Q

[SOLVENT]
universal solvent, can dissolve both ionic and
polar solutes

A

WATER

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96
Q

[SOLVENT]
most commonly used as flavoring agents; easily driven off from the solution and easily salted out by electrolytes

A

AROMATIC WATER

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97
Q

[SOLVENT]
- solvent, flavorant, used as medicinals

A

SYRUP

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98
Q

[SOLVENT]
- best solvent for phenols, iodine, boric acid, borates, tannic acid and cresol

A

GLYCERIN

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99
Q

[SOLVENT]
- good solvent for organic compounds such as alkaloids, glycosides, camphor, phenol, tannins, balsams
resins and for some inorganic salts

A

ALCOHOL

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100
Q

[SOLVENT]
- not preferred for salts because it accentuates
the saline tastE

A

ELIXIRS

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101
Q

Aromatic elixir, NF contains approx. ____ alcohol

A

22%

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102
Q

[Oils]
solvents used for IM injection

A

Peanut, Corn, Sesame, Mineral (PMSC)

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103
Q

used as base for alkaloids

A

OLEIC ACID

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104
Q

for sprays and drops

A

OLIVE OIL

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105
Q

[Pharmaceutical Ingredient]
- agents that increase the thickness or hardness of
the preparation

A

STIFFENING AGENT

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106
Q

[Pharmaceutical Ingredient]
vehicle for drug substances formulated into suppositories

A

SUPPOSITORY BASE

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107
Q

Witepsol is derived from saturated fatty acid, particularly _______

A

Lauric acid

108
Q

Wecobee is from _____

A

COCONUT OIL

109
Q

[Pharmaceutical Ingredient]
- agents which reduce interfacial tension
- can also be used as wetting agents, detergents, and emulsifying agents

A

SURFACTANT

110
Q

[Pharmaceutical Ingredient]
- increases viscosity and reduces rate of sedimentation

A

SUSPENDING AGENT

111
Q

[Pharmaceutical Ingredient]
imparts sweetness

A

SWEETENING AGENT

112
Q

[Pharmaceutical Ingredient]
render solutions similar in osmotic dextrose
characteristics to physiologic fluids

A

TONICITY AGENTS

113
Q

[TABLET EXC.]
ingredients that
imparts satisfactory characteristics to the
formulation.

A

Essential components

114
Q

[TABLET EXC.]
ingredients that imparts
satisfactory compression characteristics. Examples are glidants, anti-adherence, and
lubricant

A

COMPRESSION AIDS

115
Q

[TABLET EXC.]
ingredients
that will give additional desirable physical characteristics to the finish tablets

A

SUPPLEMENTARY COMPONENTS

116
Q

Are liquid preparations that contain one or more chemical substances dissolved in a suitable solvent or mixture of mutually miscible solvents

A

SOLUTIONS

117
Q

Most solutions are _____ with the solute

A

UNSATURATED

118
Q

The strengths of which are usually expressed in terms of ____

A

% strength

119
Q

although for very dilute preparation, ____ are
used

A

ratio strength

120
Q

Unsaturated

A

is the concentration of the solute in the
solution that is below in the solubility limit

121
Q

Drugs and chemicals are less stable when in solution than when
in ________

A

dry, solid form

122
Q

If an ______ of a poorly water-soluble drug is used,
the aqueous solution is added to the alcoholic solution

A

alcoholic solution

123
Q

The ___ form of the drug is used

A

salt

124
Q

Factors to consider in Preparing Solutions (5)

A
  1. Stability
  2. pH
  3. Solubility of the chemicals
  4. Taste (for oral solution)
  5. Packaging need
125
Q

stability of the _____ and the preparation as a whole is
considered

A

active drug

126
Q

usually stated as the number of parts (by volume) that will
dissolve one part (by weight or by volume of a liquid) of the
substance

A

SOLUBILITY

127
Q

Solubility =

A

g of solute/ml

128
Q
  • prepared by dissolving a solute in the suitable solvent and the
    solvent may contain other ingredients which stabilize or solubilize
    the active ingredient
  • uses solute and solvent ; applies stirring or heat
A

SIMPLE SOLUTIONS

129
Q

-prepared by reacting two or more solutes with each other in a
suitable solvent

A

SOLUTION BY CHEMICAL REACTION

130
Q
  • extracting solutions coming from plants or animal products
  • produces a product called Extractives
A

SOLUTIONS BY EXTRACTIONS

131
Q

Non-sterile Solution (3)

A

○ Oral solutions
○ Topical solutions
○ Other solutions

132
Q

STERILE SOLUTIONS (3)

A

○ Parenteral solutions
○ Ophthalmic solutions
○ Nasal solutions

133
Q

[Classification]
By site of administration

A

○ Oral solutions
○ Otic solutions
○ Ophthalmic solutions
○ Topical solution

134
Q

Based on composition

A

Syrups
Elixirs
Spirits
Aromatic water

135
Q

Based on methods of prep and conc.

A

Tincture and fluid extracts

136
Q

compose mainly of sugar with aqueous solution; contains high content of sugar or sucrose

A

SYRUPS

137
Q

sweet and hydroalcoholic solution

A

Elixirs

138
Q

solutions of aromatic material if the solvent is alcohol; contains high content of alcohol

A

SPIRITS

139
Q

Oil with Water

A

Aromatic water

140
Q

Are solutions prepared by extracting active constituents from crude drugs

A

Tinctures or Fluid extracts

141
Q

Aqueous solutions that contain sugar w/ or w/out flavoring
agents & medicinal substances

A

SYRUPS

142
Q

[Syrups]
- contain flavoring agents but w/out medicinal substances 

A

NON-MEDICATED OR FLAVORED VEHICLE

143
Q

[Syrups]
prepared commercially for therapeutic value

A

MEDICATED SYRUPS

144
Q

Preparation of Syrups (5)

A

Solution with heat
Agitation or soln w/o heat
Simple Admixture
Reconstitution
Percolation

145
Q

is produced by the separation of
fructose in glucose

A

Invert sugar

146
Q

is also formed during the inversion of sucrose and sweeter than sucrose

A

Levulose

147
Q
  • commonly used for parenterals such as powder for inj, powder for suspension
  • a simple reconstitution is not an example of extemporaneous compounding
A

RECONSTITUTION

148
Q
  • method use for syrup according to USP
  • in this procedure, purified water or an aqueous solution
    is permitted to pass slowly through a bed
A

Percolation

149
Q

Clear, sweetened hydroalcoholic solutions intended for oral use
and are usually flavored to enhance palatability

Contains 5-40% alcohol content and >10-12% is considered self-

A

ELIXIRS

150
Q

2 Types of Elixirs and 2 Examples

A

Medicated and Non-medicated

Dexamethasone and Digoxin Elixir

151
Q

Alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solutions prepared from vegetable materials or from chemical substances

Contains 15-80% alcohol content

A

TINCTURE

152
Q

Example of Tincture (1)

A

Opium Tincture

153
Q

“Embrocation”
-Primarily used for external application

-Solution or mixtures of various substances in oil, alcoholic solutions of soap, or emulsions and may contain preservatives

A

LINIMENTS

154
Q

Uses of Liniments (3)

A

Rubefacient
Counterirritant
Mildly astringent

155
Q

External application that causes dilation of the capillaries and increase in the blood circulation

A

Rubefacient

156
Q

Applied locally to produce superficial
inflammation to reduce deeper inflammation

A

Counter irritant

157
Q

Other Solutions (5)

A

Enemas
Douches
Otic Solutions
Gargles
Mouthwashes

158
Q

solutions intended to be administered rectally

A

Enemas

159
Q

-Not to be swallowed
-May be concentrated solutions which may contain antiseptics, analgesics, or weak astringents
-Needed to be diluted first with warm water before use

A

GARGLE AND MOUTHWASHES

160
Q

A special liquid solution containing pyroxylin (a nitrocellulose) in
a mixture of ethyl ether and ethanol

A

Colloidons

161
Q

Colloidons are applied to the skin by means of a soft brush or other suitable applicator and, when the ether and ethanol have
evaporated, leave a film of ______ on the surface

A

pyroxylin

162
Q

 The official medicated collodion

A

Salicylic Acid Collodion USP

163
Q

Salicylic Acid Collodion USP contains _______ in _______ and
is used as a keratolytic agent in the treatment of warts

A

10% w/v of Salicylic Acid in Flexible Collodion USP

164
Q

Collodion is made flexible by the addition of ____ and ___

A

castor oil and camphor

165
Q

are solutions or mixtures of medicinal substances in not less than 50% by weight of glycerin

A

Glycerins or Glycerites

166
Q

administered as nose sprays or nose drops

A

Nasal solutions

167
Q

Nasal solutions are ___ to nasal secretions and buffered to normal pH range as nasal fluids

A

Isotonic

168
Q
  • sterile, non-pyrogenic solutions use to wash or bathe surgical incisions, wounds, or body tissues
A

IRRIGATION SOLUTIONS

169
Q

Aqueous Solutions (9)

A

Douches
Enemas
Gargles
Mouthwashes
Nasal washes
Juices
Sprays
Otic solutions
Inhalations

170
Q

Sweet or Viscid

A

Syrups
Honeys (antibacterial)
Mucilages
Jellies

171
Q

Non-aqueous

A

Elixirs
Spirits
Colloidons
Glycerins
Liniments
Oleo vitamin

172
Q

0.9% Sodium Chloride

Shorthand Notation:
Isotonic pH:
Component:

A

NS

pH 5.7

154 mEq Sodium
154 mEq Chloride

173
Q

Ringer’s Injection, USP

Isotonic pH:
Component:

A

pH 5.8

147 mEq Sodium
4 mEq Potassium
4 mEq Calcium
155 mEq Chloride

174
Q

Ringer’s Injection, USP

Shorthand Notation:
Isotonic pH:
Component:

A

LR

pH 6.6

130 mEq Sodium
4 mEq Potassium
3 mEq Calcium
109 mEq Chloride
28 mEq Sodium Lactate (Provides 9 calories/liter)

175
Q

Consist of particulate matter known as dispersed phase, dispersed throughout a continuous or dispersion medium.

A

DISPERSED SYSTEM

176
Q

Internal Phase aka ______

A

Dispersed Phase

177
Q

External Phase

A

Continuous Phase

178
Q

Dispersed system are classified according to _____

A

particle size

179
Q

Molecular Dispersion

size:
category:

A

<1nm
True Solution

180
Q

Colloidal Dispersion

size:
category:

A

1nm - 0.5um
Colloid

181
Q

Coarse Dispersion

size:
category:

A

> 0.5um
Suspension & Emulsion

182
Q

Solid Drug in Liquid Vehicle

A

Suspension

183
Q

Liquid Drug in Liquid vehicle

A

Emulsion

184
Q

-liquid preparations that consist of solid particles dispersed throughout a liquid phase in which the particles are not soluble

-liquid preparations of drugs containing finely divided drug particles distributed uniformly throughout the vehicle

A

SUSPENSIONS

185
Q

-small particles aggregate into clumps or
floccules
- it increases the rate of sedimentation and may
prevent pourability

A

AGGREGATION

186
Q
  • downward movement
  • the velocity of fall of a suspended particle in a
    vehicle of a given density is greater for larger particles than is for smaller particles
  • the greater the density of particles, the greater
    the descent
A

SEDIMENTATION

187
Q

the suspension shall form loose networks of
flocs that settle rapidly, do not form cakes and
are easy to resuspend

A

Settling and Aggregation

188
Q
  • may result in formation
    of cakes (suspension) that is difficult to resuspend
    or phase separation (emulsion)
A

Settling and Aggregation

189
Q

Term for collection of particles

A

Flocs

190
Q

Natural Polysaccharides (6)

A

 Tragacanth (1-3%)
 Acacia gum (10%)
 Starch agar
 Guar gum
 Carrageenan
 Sodium alginate (1-2%)

191
Q

Semi-synthetic polysaccharides (5)

A

-Methylcellulose
(Cologel®, Celacol®)
1- 7%
-Hydroxyethylcellulose
(Natrosol 250)
-Sodium
carboxymethylcellulose
(Carmellose sodium®)
-Microcrystalline
cellulose (Avicel®)
-Carboxymethylcellulose
(1 3%)

192
Q

Clays (2)

A

Bentonite (6%)
Magnesium aluminium
silicate (Veegum®)

193
Q

Synthetic Thickeners

A

 Carbomer
(Carboxyvinyl polymer, Carbopol®)
 Colloidal silicon dioxide
(Aerosil®, Cab-o-sil®)
 Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)

194
Q

Miscellaneous Thickeners

A

Gelatin

195
Q

Used as a
suspending agent and
a viscosity increasing
agent

A

GELATIN

196
Q

General Classes of Suspension (3)

A

-Oral Suspension
-Externally Applied Suspension
-Parenteral Suspension

197
Q

Are semi solid system made up of either small
inorganic or large organic molecules interpenetrated
by a liquid

A

GELS

198
Q

Are dispersion of insoluble inorganic drugs 

A

MAGMAS/MILKS

199
Q

The liquid dispersions or preparations
containing finely divided insoluble materials intended

A

MIXTURES

200
Q

-are either liquid or semi solid preparations that contain one or more active ingredients in and
appropriate vehicle
- can contain antimicrobial preservatives and
stabilizers
- intended to be applied to the unbroken skin without friction
- are usually suspensions of solids in aqueous medium

A

LOTIONS

201
Q

Are two-phase systems in which one liquid is dispersed
throughout another liquid in a form of small droplets.

A

EMULSIONS

202
Q

A dispersion in which the dispersed phase is composed of small
globules of a liquid distributed throughout a vehicle in which it is immisicible.

-Heterogenous system that consist of at least 1 immiscible liquid droplets

A

EMULSIONS

203
Q

Liquid droplets or solute

A

Discontinuous phase/Internal phase/ Disperse phase

204
Q

Solvent

A

Continuous phase/External phase/ Disperse medium

205
Q
  • when the oil phase is dispersed as globules
    throughout an aqueous continuous phase
A

Emulsion:  OIL-IN-WATER EMULSION (o/w)

206
Q
  • when the oil phase serves as the continuous phase
A

Water in Oil Emulsion (w/o)

207
Q

the dispersed phase of these emulsions
contains smaller droplets that are miscible with the
continuous phase

-could be o/w/o or w/o/w

A

MULTIPLE EMULSIONS

208
Q

the dispersed phase of these emulsions are in
nanometer size range

-most stable

A

MICROEMULSIONS

209
Q

Fusion of the dispersed droplets; reversible

A

AGGREGATION

210
Q

complete fusion of droplets; irreversible

A

COALESCENCE

211
Q

migration of droplets of internal phase to the top of the emulsions

A

CREAMING

212
Q

Downward movement

A

SEDIMENTATION

213
Q

the irreversible coalescence of droplets of the
internal phase and separation of the dispersed phase as a
separate layer

A

CRACKING

214
Q

when an emulsion changes from o/w to w/o

A

PHASE INVERSION

215
Q

The most stable range of dispersed phase conc. is _______

A

30-60%

216
Q

Dry Gum is also known as ______

A

CONTINENTAL METHOD

217
Q

used for forming emulsions using natural emulsifying
agents (acacia) and requires a specific order of mixing
- it uses 4:2:1 method
-water should be added rapidly

A

DRY GUM METHOD

218
Q

421 Method of Dry Gum

A

○ 4 - Fixed oil
○ 2 - Water
○ 1 - Gum or emulsifying agent

219
Q

it uses same proportion of ingredients as the dry gum method in
preparing the primary emulsion but requires a different order of mixing

-oil is added slowly
-the product is oil in water emulsion

A

WET GUM OR ENGLISH METHOD

220
Q

Acacia Emulsion (o/w)
Primary Emulsion

A

421 (o/w/a)

221
Q

Acacia Emulsion (o/w)
Ratio for volatile oils

A

3:2:1 or 2:2:1

222
Q

Bottle Method aka

A

Forbes Bottle Method

223
Q
  • useful for extemporaneous preparations of emulsions from
    volatile oils or oleaginous substances or low viscosity
A

BOTTLE OR FORBES BOTTLE METHOD

224
Q

Bottle Method Ratio

A

3:2:1

225
Q

Beaker Method aka _____

A

IN SITU SOAP METHOD

226
Q
  • used in preparing emulsions using synthetic emulsifying agents.
  • produces a satisfactory preparation regardless of the order of mixing
  • involves sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide
A

BEAKER METHOD / IN SITU METHOD

227
Q
  • means beginning to exist or to develop (preparation of emulsifier)
     Uses any of the two soaps – hard soap and soft soap
A

NASCENT

228
Q

Prototype of Nascent:

A

Lime water emulsion

229
Q

-Acts by lowering the interfacial tension
-Provide a barrier around the droplet as they form and prevent

A

EMULSIFYING AGENTS

230
Q

[Emulsifying acc to Function]

capable of stabilizing emulsions by themselves

A

TRUE OR PRIMARY EMULSIFIERS

231
Q

[Emulsifying acc to Function]

used in combination with primary emulsifiers

A

STABILIZERS OR AUXILIARY AGENTS

232
Q

[Emulsifying acc to Source]

may be derived from vegetable and animal source

A

NATURAL

233
Q

[Emulsifying acc to Source]

are anionic, cationic, nonionic

A

SYNTHETIC

234
Q

water faces  - monovalent, polyvalent and organic soaps
(carboxyl, sulfate, sulfonate)

A

ANIONICS

235
Q

quaternary and
pyridinium nitrogen
(benzalkonium chloride)

A

CATIONIC

236
Q

(Polyhydroxyl
groups) Spans (1-9) Tweens (11-20)

A

NONIONIC

237
Q

emulsifiers and surfactants are characterized by the hydrophilic
lipophilic balance (HLB)

A

HLB

238
Q

A relative of polar and non-polar groups
in the surfactant

A

HLB (Hydrophilic Lipophilic Balance)

239
Q

HLB 1-3

A

ANTIFOAMS

240
Q

HLB 4-6

A

WATER-IN-OIL EMULSIFIER

241
Q

HLB 7-9

A

WETTING & SPREADING AGENTS

242
Q

HLB 8-18

A

OIL-IN-WATER EMULSIFIERS

243
Q

HLB 13-15

A

DETERGENTS

244
Q

HLB 10-18

A

SOLUBILIZERS

245
Q

SPAN 80

A

Sorbitan monooleate

246
Q

SPAN 60

A

Sorbitan monostearate

247
Q

SPAN 40

A

Sorbitan monopalmitate

248
Q

SPAN 20

A

Sorbitan monolaureate

249
Q

TWEEN 65

A

Polyoxyethylene sorbitan tristearate

250
Q

TWEEN 85

A

Polyoxyethylene sorbitan trioleate

251
Q

TWEEN 80

A

Polysorbate 80

252
Q

TWEEN 40

A

Polysorbate 40

253
Q

TWEEN 20

A

Polysorbate 20

254
Q
  • forms a good, stable emulsion of low viscosity
  • tends to cream easily
  • acidic and stable at a pH range of 2-10
  • negatively charged, dehydrates easily and usually requires a
    preservative
A

ACACIA

255
Q

forms a stable emulsion that is coarser than acacia emulsion
- difficult to hydrate
- used mainly for its effects on viscosity

A

TRAGACANTH

256
Q

-is an anionic gum that is primarily used to increase viscosity
- its stability is affected by heating, dehydration and destruction
of charge
- susceptible to microbial degradation

A

AGAR

257
Q

-used in the same proportion as tragacanth
- favor o/w

A

PECTIN

258
Q

-provides good emulsion stabilization in a concentration of
0.05% - 1.0%
- used to produce capsule shells

A

GELATIN

259
Q

[Types of Gelatin]
prepared from acid treated precursor; used in acidic media

A

TYPE A GELATIN (+)

260
Q

[Types of Gelatin]
prepared from alkali treated precursor; used in basic media

A

TYPE B GELATIN (-)

261
Q

-nonionic and induces viscosity
- used as a primary emulsifier with mineral oil and cod liver oil, and yields an o/w emulsion
- usually used in 2% concentration

A

METHYL CELLULOSE

262
Q

-anionic and is usually used to increase viscosity; forms o/w
emulsion
- tolerates alcohol up to 40% forms a basic solution, and
precipitates in the presence of free acids

A

CARBOXYMETHYLCELLULOSE

263
Q

is added if the preparation is intended to last longer than a few days ○

A

PRESERVATIVES

264
Q

Preservatives must be soluble in _____ phase to be effective

A

water

265
Q

Preservative combination

A

Methylparaben (0.2%)
Propylparaben (0.02%)

PSMA (15 decks)

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