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FA Rapid Review > DIT Rapid-Fire Facts > Flashcards

DIT Rapid-Fire Facts Flashcards

1
Q

continuous machinery-like murmur

A

PDA

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2
Q

“boot-shaped” heart

A

tetralogy of Fallot

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3
Q

rib notching

A

coarctation of the aorta

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4
Q

most common congenital cardiac anomaly

A

VSD

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5
Q

most common cause of early cyanosis

A

tetralogy of Fallot

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6
Q

medical treatment for pheochromocytoma

A

phenoxybenzamine

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7
Q

selective a1 antagonist for BPH

A

tamsulosin

less hypotension bc selective for a1 receptors in the prostate

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8
Q

drooling farmer

A

organophosphate poisoning

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9
Q

amyloid deposits in gray matter of the brain

A

Alzheimer’s dementia

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10
Q

treatment for absence seizures

A

ethosuximide (also VPA)

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11
Q

treatment for tonic-clonic seizures

A

phenytoin, carbamazepine, valproic acid

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12
Q

“worst headache of my life”

A

subarachnoid hemorrhage

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13
Q

lucid interval following head trauma

A

epidural hematoma

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14
Q

bloody CSF on LP

A

subarachnoid hemorrhage

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15
Q

most common cause of subdural hematoma

A

trauma, rupture of bridging veins

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16
Q

most common cause of epidural hematoma

A

temporal bone fracture –> middle meningeal artery injury

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17
Q

ptosis, miosis, anhidrosis

A

Horner syndrome

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18
Q

unilateral facial droop involving the forehead

A

CN VII lesion (Bell’s palsy)

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19
Q

hyperflexible joints, arachnodactyly, aortic dissection, lens dislocation

A

Marfan’s syndrome

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20
Q

hereditary nephritis, cataracts, sensorineural hearing loss

A

Alport syndrome

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21
Q

most common cause of neural tube defects

A

folate deficiency

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22
Q

most common cause of congenital malformations in the US

A

EtOH use –> fetal alcohol syndrome

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23
Q

most common cause of congenital intellectual disability in the US

A

fetal alcohol syndrome

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24
Q

bounding pulses, head-bobbing, diastolic murmur

A

aortic regurgitation

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25
Q

bone enlargement, bone pain, arthritis

A

Paget’s disease of the bone

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26
Q

vertebral compression fractures

A

osteoporosis

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27
Q

positive anterior drawer sign

A

anterior cruciate ligament injury

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28
Q

swollen, hard, painful finger joints

A

osteoarthritis

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29
Q

swollen, boggy, painful finger joints

A

rheumatoid arthritis

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30
Q

cartilage erosion with polished bone underneath

A

eburnation (osteoarthritis)

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31
Q

swollen, red, acutely painful great toe joint

A

gout

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32
Q

positively birefringent rhomboid-shaped crystals

A

pseudogout (CPPD)

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33
Q

negatively birefringent needle-shaped crystals

A

gout

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34
Q

bamboo spine

A

ankylosing spondylitis

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35
Q

HLA-B27

A

seronegative spondyloarthropathies (psoriatic, IBD, reactive, ankylosing spondylitis)

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36
Q

anti-Smith & anti-dsDNA

A

lupus

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37
Q

anti-histone Ab

A

drug-induced lupus

sulfa drugs, hydralizine, isoniazid, procainamide, phenytoin

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38
Q

anti-centromere Ab

A

CREST scleroderma

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39
Q

anti-topoisomerase Ab

A

diffuse systemic scleroderma

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40
Q

anti-Jo1 Ab

A

polymyositis

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41
Q

anti-Ro Ab

A

Sjogren syndrome

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42
Q

facial rash + Raynaud phenomenon in a young woman

A

lupus

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43
Q

arthritis, dry mouth, dry eyes

A

Sjogren syndrome

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44
Q

most common cause of death in lupus

A

lupus nephropathy/renal failure

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45
Q

keratin pearls on skin biopsy

A

squamous cell carcinoma

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46
Q

most common malignant skin tumor

A

basal cell carcinoma

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47
Q

most common cancer in men

A

prostate cancer

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48
Q

most common cause of urinary obstruction in men

A

benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)

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49
Q

most common treatment for erectile dysfunction

A

phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor

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50
Q

dysplastic cervical cells with enlarged, dark nuclei

A

koilocytes (HPV infection)

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51
Q

DES exposure

A

clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina

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52
Q

most common tumor in women

A

leomyoma

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53
Q

most common gynecologic malignancy in the US

A

endometrial carcinoma

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54
Q

most common gynecologic malignancy worldwide

A

cervical cancer

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55
Q

chocolate cyst of the ovary

A

endometriosis

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56
Q

most common benign ovarian tumor

A

serous cystadenoma

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57
Q

most common malignant ovarian tumor

A

serous cystadenocarcinoma

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58
Q

disarrayed granulosa cells in eosinophilic fluid

A

Call-Exner bodies (granulosa-theca tumor)

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59
Q

most common genetic cause of intellectual disability

A

Down syndrome (Trisomy 21)

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60
Q

2nd most common genetic cause of intellectual disability

A

Fragile X syndrome

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61
Q

horseshoe kidney, congenital heart defects, streak ovaries, cystic hygroma

A

Turner syndrome

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62
Q

rocker-bottom feet, clenched hands, microcephaly with prominent occiput and small jaw

A

Edwards syndrome (Trisomy 18)

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63
Q

most common cancer in women in the US

A

breast cancer

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64
Q

most common benign breast tumor

A

fibroadenoma

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65
Q

most common malignant breast tumor

A

invasive (infiltrating) ductal carcinoma

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66
Q

blue dome cyst in the breast

A

nonproliferative fibrocystic change

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67
Q

treatment for ER(+) breast cancer

A

tamoxifen

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68
Q

red, itchy, swollen rash on areola and nipple

A

Paget’s disease of the breast

indicates underlying DCIS –> need mammo

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69
Q

branching filamentous Gram-positive rods with sulfur granules

A

Actinomyces israelii

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70
Q

food poisoning due to exotoxin

A

S. aureus, B. cereus

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71
Q

osteomyelitis in sickle cell disease

A

Salmonella

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72
Q

most common medication used for UTI prophylaxis

A

trimethoprim-sulfamethoxizole (TMP-SMX)

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73
Q

most common bacteria in a patient with struvite kidney stones

A

Proteus (then staph)

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74
Q

standard treatment for T. pallidum

A

Penicillin G

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75
Q

cellulitis from a dog or cat bite

A

Pasturella multoceda

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76
Q

non-painful, indurated, ulcerated genital lesion

A

Chancre of primary syphillis

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77
Q

moist, smooth, flat, white genital lesion

A

Condyloma lata of secondary syphillis

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78
Q

large bulls eye rash

A

erythema migrans (lyme disease)

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79
Q

calcified granuloma in the lung + hilar lymphadenopathy

A

Ghon complex (primary Tb)

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80
Q

back pain, fever, night sweats, weight loss

A

Pott’s disease (vertebral Tb)

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81
Q

standard treatment regimen for tuberculosis

A

rifampin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, ethambutol (RIPE)

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82
Q

eczema, recurrent “cold” abscesses, high serum IgE

A

hyper IgE syndrome (X-linked)

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83
Q

large lysosomal vesicles in phagocytes

A

Chediak-Higashi syndrome

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84
Q

toe extension upon stimulating the sole of the foot with a blunt instrument

A

Babinski sign

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85
Q

hyperreflexia, increased muscle tone, +Babinski sign

A

UMN lesion

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86
Q

hyporeflexia, decreased muscle tone, muscle atrophy

A

LMN lesion

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87
Q

depigmentation of the substantia nigra

A

Parkinson disease

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88
Q

chorea, dementia, atrophy of caudate + putamen

A

Huntington disease

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89
Q

eosinophilic inclusions in cytoplasm of neurons

A

Lewy bodies (seen in PD and dementia with Lewy bodies)

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90
Q

conjugate lateral gaze palsy with nystagmus and diplopia during lateral gaze

A

internuclear ophthalmoplegia

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91
Q

degeneration of dorsal columns

A

tabes dorsalis (tertiary syphillis)

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92
Q

demyelinating disease in a young woman

A

multiple sclerosis

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93
Q

mixed upper and lower motor neuron disease

A

ALS

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94
Q

newborn with arm paralysis following difficult labor

A

Erb-Duchenne palsy

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95
Q

most common cause of dementia

A

Alzhiemer disease

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96
Q

2nd most common cause of dementia

A

multi-infarct (vascular) dementia

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97
Q

extracellular amyloid deposits in grey matter

A

amyloid (senile) plaques

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98
Q

intracellular deposits of hyperphosphorylated tau

A

neurofibrillary tangles

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99
Q

intracellular spherical aggregates of tau protein seen on sliver stain

A

Pick bodies (FTD)

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100
Q

dysphagia, glossitis & iron deficiency anemia

A

Plummer-Vinson syndrome

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101
Q

hematemesis with retching

A

Mallory-Weiss tear

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102
Q

mucin-filled cell with peripheral nucleus

A

signet ring cell (seen in gastric cancer, LCIS, invasive lobular cancer)

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103
Q

most common type of stomach cancer

A

adenocarcinoms

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104
Q

ovarian metastases from gastric cancer

A

Kruckenberg tumor

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105
Q

gastric ulcerations, very high gastrin levels

A

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (gastrinoma)

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106
Q

acute gastric ulcer associated with increased ICP or head trauma

A

Cushing ulcer

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107
Q

acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns

A

Curling ulcer

108
Q

weight loss, diarrhea, fever, adenopathy & hyperpigmentation

A

Whipple disease (Tropheryma whipplei)

109
Q

anti-transglutaminase/anti-gliadidn/anti-endomysial antibodies

A

Celiac sprue

110
Q

vitamin given to pregnant women to prevent neural tube defects

A

folic acid

111
Q

most common surgical emergency

A

appendicitis

112
Q

severe RLQ pain with rebound tenderness

A

McBurney’s sign (appendicitis)

113
Q

most common cancer of the appendix

A

carcinoid tumor

114
Q

GI hamartomas, hyperpigmentation of the mouth and hands

A

Peutz-Jeghers syndrome

115
Q

multiple colon polyps, osteomas, soft tissue tumors

A

Gardner syndrome

116
Q

apple core lesions on barium enema

A

colon cancer

117
Q

most common site of colonic diverticula

A

sigmoid colon

118
Q

“string sign” on contrast AXR

A

Crohn disease

119
Q

“lead pipe” appearance of colon on contrast x-ray

A

Ulcerative colitis

120
Q

painless jaundice

A

pancreatic adenocarcinoma in the head of the pancreas

121
Q

most common cause of acute pancreatitis

A

EtOH, gallstones

122
Q

most common cause of chronic pancreatitis

A

EtOH

123
Q

severe hyperbilirubinemia in a neonate

A

Crigler-Najar syndrome type I

124
Q

mild, benign hyperbilirubinemia

A

Gilbert syndrome

125
Q

triglyceride accumulation in hepatocytes

A

hepatic steatosis/fatty liver disease

126
Q

eosinophilic inclusions in cytoplasm of hepatocytes

A

Mallory bodies

127
Q

cancer closely linked to cirrhosis

A

hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)

128
Q

hepatomegaly, abdominal pain, ascites

A

Budd-Chiari syndrome

129
Q

green/yellow corneal deposits

A

Kayser-Fleischer rings (Wilson’s disease)

130
Q

low serum cerulopasmin

A

Wilson’s disease

131
Q

cirrhosis, diabetes & hyperpigmentation

A

Hemochromatosis

132
Q

chronic sinusitis, infertility, situs inversus

A

Kartagener syndrome (primary ciliary dyskinesia)

133
Q

elevated D-dimer

A

DVT, PE (very nonspecific)

134
Q

blood stasis, hypercoagulability, endothelial damage

A

Virchow triad for thrombosis

135
Q

blue bloater

A

chronic bronchitis (hypoxemia & hypercapnea)

136
Q

pink puffer

A

emphysema (dyspnea & hyperventilation)

137
Q

Curschmann’s spirals

A

shed epithelium forms mucus plugs

asthma

138
Q

most common cause of pulmonary hypertension

A

COPD

139
Q

bilateral hilar adenopathy, uveitis

A

Sarcoidosis

140
Q

vascculitis & glomerulonephritis

A

Goodpasture syndrome

Wegener’s granulomatosis (granulomatosis with polyangiitis)

141
Q

anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies

A

Goodpasture syndrome

142
Q

honeycomb lung on CXR

A

interstitial fibrosis

143
Q

“tennis racket”-shaped cytoplasmic organelles

A

Birbeck granules

seen in Langerhans cell histiocytosis (eosinophilic granuloma)

144
Q

iron-containning nodules in alveolar septum

A

Ferruginous bodies (asbestosis)

145
Q

lung cancer associated with SIADH

A

small cell

146
Q

tumor associated with Horner’s syndrome

A

Pancoast tumor

147
Q

chest pain, pericardial friction rub and persistent fever for several weeks after a MI

A

Dressler syndrome

148
Q

splinter hemorrhages under the nails

A

infective endocarditis

149
Q

retinal hemorrhages with pale spots

A

Roth spots (Infective endocarditis)

150
Q

heart valve most commonly involved in infective endocarditis

A

Mitral valve

151
Q

heart valve most commonly involved in IVDU with infective endocarditis

A

tricuspid valve

152
Q

granulomatous nodules in the heart

A

Aschoff bodies (rheumatic heart disease)

153
Q

most common primary cardiac tumor in adults

A

myxoma (most commonly in the left atrium)

154
Q

most common primary cardiac tumor in children

A

rhabdomyoma

155
Q

most common cause of constrictive pericarditis

A

Lupus (US)

Tuberculosis (developing countries)

156
Q

cold, pale, painful digits

A

Raynaud disease

157
Q

c-ANCA

A

granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener’s)

158
Q

p-ANCA

A

microscopic polyangiitis, Churg-Strauss syndrome

159
Q

treatment for Buerger’s disease

A

smoking cessation

160
Q

treatment for temporal arteritis

A

high dose steroids

161
Q

most common cause of bacterial meningitis in a neonate

A

GBS
E. coli
Listeria

162
Q

most common cause of bacterial meningitis in children

A

S. pneumoniae

N. meningiditis

163
Q

most common cause of bacterial meningitis in adults

A

S. pneumoniae

164
Q

osteomyelitis in IVDU

A

S. aureus
Pseudomonas
Serratia

165
Q

osteomyelitis in a sickle cell patient

A

Salmonella

166
Q

most common reportable STD

A

chlamydia

167
Q

non-painful, indurated, ulcerated genital lesion

A

Chancre of primary syphillis

168
Q

painful, indurated, ulcerated genital lesion with exudate

A

Chancroid

169
Q

stippled vaginal epithelial cells on wet prep of vaginal discharge

A

clue cells (Bacterial vaginosis)

170
Q

common treatment for syphillis

A

penicillin G

171
Q

common treatment for trichomonas

A

metronidazole

172
Q

common treatment for chlamydia

A

doxycycline, azithromycin

173
Q

common treatment for gonorrhea

A

ceftriaxone

174
Q

boy with self-mutilating behavior, intellectual disability and gout

A

Lesch-Nyhan syndrome (HGPRT deficiency)

175
Q

orotic acid in the urine and increased serum ammonia

A

OTC deficiency

176
Q

orotic acid in the urine with normal serum ammonia

A

orotic aciduria (CPS2 deficiency)

177
Q

megaloblastic anemia that does not improve with B12 & folate

A

orotic aciduria

178
Q

most common medication for ADHD

A

methylphenidate (Ritalin)

179
Q

most common medication for bulimia nervosa

A

fluoxetine

180
Q

medical treatment for alcohol withdrawal

A

benzodiazepines

181
Q

most effective treatment for alcohol abuse

A

alcoholics anonymous

182
Q

atrophy of the mammilary bodies

A

Wernicke encephalopathy

183
Q

treatment for central DI

A

desmopressin (DDAVP)

184
Q

treatment for nephrogenic DI

A

HCTZ, indomethacin, amiloride

185
Q

treatment for Lithium-induced nephrogenic DI

A

amiloride - blocks the Na channels that Lithium uses to enter the cell

186
Q

nodular hyaline deposits in the glomeruli

A

Kimmelsteil-Wilson nodules (DM nephropathy)

187
Q

gomerulonephritis + pulmonary vasculitis

A

Granulomatosis with polyangiitis

Goodpasture syndrome

188
Q

red cell casts

A

acute glomerulonephritis

189
Q

waxy casts

A

chronic renal failure

190
Q

thyroid-like appearance of the kidney

A

chronic pyelonephritis

191
Q

most common renal tumor

A

renal cell carcinoma

192
Q

most common type of renal stone

A

calcium

193
Q

type of renal stone associated with Proteus vulgaris

A

struvite (ammonium magnesium phosphate)

194
Q

bluish colored lines on the gingiva

A

Burton’s lines (lead poisoning)

195
Q

treatment of choice for rickets or osteomalacia

A

Vitamin D

196
Q

swollen gums, poor wound healing, bleeding mucous membranes, spots on skin

A

scurvy (vitamin C deficiency)

197
Q

most common vitamin deficiency in the US

A

folate deficiency

198
Q

hypersegmented neutrophils

A

megaloblastic anemia (B12 or folate deficiency)

199
Q

dilated cardiomyopathy, edema and polyneuropathy

A

wet beriberi (thiamine/B1 deficiency)

200
Q

inability to breat feed, amenorrhea, cold intolerance

A

Sheehan syndrome

201
Q

infertility, galactorrhea, bitemporal hemianopsia

A

prolactinoma

202
Q

most common causes of Cushing syndrome

A

exogenous steroid use, ectopic ACTH (paraneoplastic), ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma (Cushing disease), adrenal tumor secreting cortisol (rare)

203
Q

most common tumor of the adrenal gland

A

benign, non-functioning adenoma

204
Q

most common tumor of the adrenal medulla in adults

A

pheochromocytoma

205
Q

most common tumor of the adrenal medulla in children

A

neuroblastoma

206
Q

most common cause of primary hyperaldosteronism

A

adrenal adenoma

207
Q

medical treatment for hyperaldosteronism

A

aldosterone antagonist (spironolactone, elperenone)

208
Q

medical treatment for pheochromocytoma

A

nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonist (phenoxybenzamine) + beta blocker

209
Q

pheochromocytoma + medullary thyroid cancer + hyperparathyroidism

A

MEN 2A

210
Q

pheochromocytoma + medullary thyroid cancer + mucosal neuromas

A

MEN 2B

211
Q

adrenal disease associated with skin hyperpigmentation

A

Addison disease (primary adrenal insufficiency)

212
Q

HTN, hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis

A

hyperaldosteronism (Conn syndrome)

213
Q

most common thyroid cancer

A

papillary carcinoma

214
Q

cold intolerance

A

hypothyroidism

215
Q

enlarged thyroid cells with ground-glass nuclei

A

papillary carcinoma

216
Q

standard treatment for DKA

A

IV fluids
IV insulin drip
K+ repletion

217
Q

standard treatment for T1DM

A

insulin

218
Q

standard treatment for T2DM

A

low carbohydrate diet
weight loss
oral hypoglycemic medications
insulin

219
Q

most common cause of hypercalcemia

A

primary hyperparathyroidism

220
Q

most common cause of secondary hyperparathyroidism

A

chronic renal failure

221
Q

most common cause of hypoparathyroidism

A

parathyroidectomy during thyroid surgery

222
Q

facial muscle spasm when tapping cheek

A

Chvostek sign (hypocalcemia)

223
Q

parathyroid, pancreatic and pituitary tumors

A

MEN 1

224
Q

preferred anticoagulant for immediate anticoagulation

A

heparin

225
Q

preferred anticoagulant for long-term anticoagulation

A

warfarin

226
Q

preferred anticoagulant during pregnancy

A

heparin

227
Q

causes of hypochromic microcytic anemia

A

iron deficiency, thalassemia, lead poisoning

228
Q

hypersegmented neutrophils

A

megaloblastic anemia

229
Q

skull x-ray shows “hairs on end” appearance

A

marrow hyperplasia (beta-thalassemia, sickle cell anemia)

230
Q

basophilic stippling of RBCs

A

lead poisoning

231
Q

painful cyanosis of finger and toes with hemolytic anemia

A

cold autoimmune hemolytic anemia

232
Q

red urine in the morning and fragile RBCs

A

paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria

233
Q

basophilic nuclear remnants in RBCs

A

Howell-Jolly bodies

s/p splenectomy

234
Q

autosplenectomy

A

sickle cell disease

235
Q

drug used to treat sickle cell anemia

A

hydroxyurea

236
Q

antiplatelet antibodies

A

immune thrombocytopenia

237
Q

bleeding disorder with gpIb deficiency

A

Bernard-Soulier disease

238
Q

most common inherited bleeding disorder

A

von Willebrand disease

239
Q

cancer most commonly associated with non-infectious fever

A

Hodgkin lymphoma

240
Q

sheets of lymphoid cells with a “starry sky” apperance

A

Burkitt lymphoma

241
Q

large B cells with bilobed nuclei and prominent “owl’s eye” inclusions

A

Reed-Sternberg cells (Hodgkin lymphoma)

242
Q

“smudge” cells

A

CLL

243
Q

“punched out” lytic bone lesions

A

multiple myeloma

244
Q

RBC clumped together like a sack of coins

A

rouleaux formation (multiple myeloma)

245
Q

monoclonal antibody spike

A

multiple myeloma, MGUS, Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia

246
Q

reddish-pink rods in the cytoplasm of leukemic blasts

A

Auer rods (M3 AML)

247
Q

dark purple skin nodules in HIV patients

A

Kaposi’s Sarcoma

248
Q

temporal lobe encephalitis

A

HSV-1

249
Q

owl’s eye inclusions in organ tissue

A

CMV

250
Q

intranuclear eosinophilc droplets

A

Cowdry A bodies (HSV, VZV)

251
Q

aplastic anemia in a sickle cell patient

A

parvovirus B19 (ssDNA)

252
Q

child with a fever and slapped cheek rash on face that spreads to the body

A

erythema infeciousum (parvovirus B19)

253
Q

fever, runny nose, cough, conjunctivitis, diffuse rash

A

measles (rubeola)

254
Q

small, irregular, blue-gray spots on buccal mucosa surrounded by base of erythema

A

Koplik spots (measles)

255
Q

treatment for CMV

A

ganciclovir

foscarnet if resistant

256
Q

most common opportunistic infection in HIV patients

A

pneumocystic jirovecii pneumonia

257
Q

drug used to prevent pneumocystic pneumonia

A

TMP-SMX

258
Q

treatment for oral candidaisis

A

nystatin

fluconazole

259
Q

prophylaxis for cryptococcus in AIDS patients

A

fluconazole

260
Q

treatment for systemic candidiasis

A

immuncompetent: fluconazole
immunocompromised: amphotericin B, echinocandin

261
Q

treatment for Sporothrix schenckii

A

itraconazole (first line), potassium iodide

262
Q

ring-enhancing brain lesions in HIV

A

toxoplasmosis

primary CNS lymphoma

263
Q

treatment for trichomonas vaginalis

A

metronidazole

264
Q

most common protozoal diarrhea

A

Giardia lamblia

265
Q

most common helminth infection in the US

A

enterobius vermicularis

266
Q

second most common helminth infection in the US

A

Ascaris lumbricoides

FA Rapid Review (6 decks)

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