Key Associations Flashcards
(134 cards)
1
Q
actinic (solar) keratosis
A
precursor to squamous cell carcinoma
2
Q
acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS injury
A
Cushing ulcer
increased intracranial pressure stimulates vagal gastric secretion
3
Q
acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns
A
Curling ulcer
greatly reduced plasma volume results in sloughing of gastric mucosa
4
Q
alternating areas of transmural inflammation and normal colon
A
Skip lesions (Crohn disease)
5
Q
Aneurysm, dissection
A
HTN
6
Q
aortic aneurysms, abdominal and descending aorta
A
atherosclerosis
7
Q
aortic aneurysm, arch
A
tertiary syphilis (syphilitic arthritis), vasa vasorum destruction
8
Q
aortic aneurysm, ascending
A
Marfan syndrome (idiopathic cystic medial degeneration)
9
Q
atrophy of the mammillary bodies
A
Wernicke encephalopathy
thiamine deficiency causing ataxia, ophthalmoplegia and confusion
10
Q
autosplenectomy (fibrosis and shrinkage)
A
Sickle cell anemia (hemoglobin S)
11
Q
bacteria associated with gastric, peptic ulcer disease and stomach cancer
A
H. pylori
12
Q
bacterial meningitis (adults and elderly)
A
Streptococcus pneumoniae
13
Q
bacterial meningitis (newborns)
A
Group B streptococcus
E. coli
14
Q
bacterial meningitis (kids)
A
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Neisseria meningitidis
15
Q
benign melanocytic nevus
A
Spitz nevus (most common in 1st 2 decades)
16
Q
bleeding disorder with GpIb deficiency
A
Bernard-Soulier syndrome (defect in platelet adhesion to von Willebrand factor)
17
Q
brain tumor (adults)
A
supratentorial
metastasis > astrocytoma (including glioblastoma) > meningioma > schwannoma
18
Q
brain tumor (kids)
A
Intratentorial: medulloblastoma
supratentorial: craniopharyngioma (suprasellar)
19
Q
breast cancer
A
infiltrating ductal carcinoma
20
Q
breast mass
A
fibrocystic change, carcinoma (in postmenopausal women)
21
Q
breast tumor (benign)
A
fibroadenoma
22
Q
primary cardiac tumor in children
A
rhabdomyoma
often seen in tuberous sclerosis
23
Q
cardiac manifestation of lupus
A
Libman-Sacks endocarditis, nonbacterial, affecting both sides of mitral valve
24
Q
cardiac tumor in adults
A
metastasis primary myxoma (4:1 left to right atrium; "ball and valve")
25
cerebellar tonsilar herniation
Chiari II malformation
26
chronic arrhythmia
atrial fibrillation (associated with a high risk of emboli)
27
chronic atrophic gastritis (autoimmune)
predisposition to gastric carcinoma (can also cause pernicious anemia)
28
clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina
DES exposure in utero
29
compression fracture
osteoporosis
type I: postmenopausal women
type II: elderly man or woman
30
congenital adrenal hyperplasia, hypotension
21-hydroxylase deficiency
31
congenital cardiac anomaly
VSD
32
congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (black liver)
Dubin-Johnson syndrome (inability of hepatocytes to secrete conjugated bilirubin into bile)
33
constrictive pericarditis
TB (developing world)
| SLE (developed world)
34
coronary artery involved in thrombosis
LAD > RCA > LCA
35
cretinism
iodine deficit, hypothyroidism
36
Cushing syndrome
- iatrogenic Cushing (2/2 chronic corticosteroid use)
- adrenocortical adenoma (secretes excess cortisol)
- ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma
- paraneoplastic Cushing (due to ACTH secretion by tumors)
37
congenital heart disease cyanosis (early)
- Tetralogy of Fallot
- transposition of the great vessels
- truncus arteriosus
38
congenital heart disease cyanosis (late)
VSD, ASD, PDA
| more common
39
death in CML
blast crisis
40
death in SLE
lupus nephropathy
41
dementia
Alzheimer disease
| multiple infarcts
42
demyelinating disease in young women
multiple sclerosis
43
DIC
severe sepsis, obstetric complications, cancer, burns, trauma, massive surgery
44
dietary deficiency
iron
45
diverticulum in pharynx
Zenker diverticulum
| diagnosed by barium swallow
46
Ejection click
aortic/pulmonic stenosis
47
esophageal cancer
squamous cell carcinoma (worldwide)
| adenocarcinoma (US)
48
food poisoning (exotoxin mediated)
S. aureus
| B. cereus
49
glomerulonephritis (adults)
Berger disease (IgA nephropathy)
50
gynecologic malignancy
```
endometrial carcinoma (most common in US)
cervical carcinoma (most common worldwide)
```
51
congenital heart murmur
mitral valve prolapse
52
heart valves involved in bacterial endocarditis
mitral > aortic (damaged by rheumatic fever)
| tricuspid (IVDU)
53
helminth infection (US)
Enterobius vermicularis
| Ascaris lumbricoides
54
epidural hematoma
rupture of middle meningeal artery (trauma)
| lens-shaped
55
subdural hematoma
rupture of bridging veins
| crescent shaped
56
hemochromatosis
multiple blood transfusions or hereditary HFE mutation
| can result in CHF, "bronze diabetes" and cirrhosis --> increased risk of HCC
57
hepatocellular carcinoma
cirrhotic liver, associated with HBV (oncogenic), HCV, alcoholism
58
hereditary bleeding disorder
von Willebrand disease
59
hereditary harmless jaundice
Gilbert syndrome
| benign unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia
60
HLA-B27
ankylosing spondylitis, reactive arthritis, ulcerative colitis, psoriatic arthritis
61
HLA-DR3 or -DR4
diabetes mellitus type I
rheumatoid arthritis
SLE
62
holosystolic murmur
VSD, tricuspid regurgitation, mitral regurgitation
63
hypercoagulability, endothelial damage, blood stasis
Virchow triad, results in venous thrombosis
64
secondary HTN
renal disease
65
hypoparathyroidism
accidental excision during thyroidectomy
66
hypopituitarism
pituitary adenoma (usually benign tumor)
67
infection 2/2 blood transfusion
Hepatitis C
68
infections in chronic granulomatous disease
Staphylococcus aureus
E. coli
Aspergillus
(catalase + organisms)
69
intellectual disability
Down syndrome, fragile X syndrome
70
kidney stones
calcium - radiopaque
struvite (ammonium) - radiopaque, formed by urease+ organisms such as proteus vulgaris or staphylococcus
uric acid - radiolucent
71
late cyanotic shunt - uncorrected left to right becomes right to left
```
Eisenmenger syndrome (caused by ASD, VSD, PDA)
results in pulmonary hypertension/polycythemia
```
72
liver disease
alcoholic cirrhosis
73
lysosomal storage disease
Gaucher disease (AR)
74
male cancer
prostate carcinoma
75
malignancy associated with non-infectious fever
Hodgkin lymphoma
76
malignancy (children)
ALL, medulloblastoma (cerebellum)
77
metastases to bone
prostate, breast > lung > thyroid
78
metastases to brain
lung > breast > GU > melanoma > GI
79
metastases to liver
colon >> stomach, pancreas
80
mitochondrial inheritance
disease occurs in both males and females, inherited through females only
81
mitral valve stenosis
rheumatic heart disease
82
mixed (UMN & LMN) motor neuron disease
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
83
myocarditis
coxsackie B
84
nephrotic syndrome (adults)
focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
85
nephrotic syndrome (kids)
minimal change disease
86
neuron migration failure
Kallmann syndrome (hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism + anosmia)
87
nosocomial pneumonia
Klebsiella, E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa
88
obstruction of male urinary tract
BPH
89
opening snap
mitral stenosis
90
opportunistic infection in AIDS
Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia
91
osteomyelitis
S. aureus
92
osteomyelitis in sickle cell disease
Salmonella
93
osteomyelitis with IV drug use
Pseudomonas, S. aureus
94
ovarian metastasis from gastric carcinoma or breast cancer
Kruckenberg tumor
| mucin-secreting signet-ring cells
95
ovarian tumor (malignant)
serous cystadenocarcinoma
96
pancreatitis (acute)
gallstones, alcohol
97
pancreatitis (chronic)
```
alcohol (adulte)
cystic fibrosis (kids)
```
98
patients with ALL/CLL/AML/CLL
ALL: child
CLL: adult >60
AML: adult ~65yo
CML: adult 30-60yo
99
pelvic inflammatory disease
Chlamydia trachomatis
| Neisseria gonorrheae
100
Philadelphia chromosome t(9;22) (bcr-abl)
CML (may sometime be associated with ALL/AML)
101
pituitary tumor
prolactinoma, somatotrophic "acidophillic" adenoma
102
primary amenorhea
Turner syndrome (45,XO)
103
primary bone tumor
multiple myeloma
104
primary hyperadolsteronism
adenoma of the adrenal cortex
105
primary hyperparathyroidism
adenomas, hyperplasia, carcinoma
106
primary liver cancer
hepatocellular carcinoma (chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, hemochromatosis, alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency)
107
pulmonary hypertension
COPD
108
recurrent inflammatio/thrombosis of small/medium vessels in extremities
Buerger disease (strongly associated with tobacco)
109
renal tumor
renal cell carcinoma
associated with von Hippel-Lindau and cigarette smoking
paraneoplastic syndromes: EPO, renin, PTH, ACTH
110
right heart failure due to a pulmonary cause
cor pulmonale
111
S3 (protodiastolic gallop)
increased ventricular filling (left-to-right shunt, mitral regurgitation, LV failure/CHF)
112
S4 (presystolic galloo)
stiff/hypertrophic ventricle (aortic stenosis, restrictive cardiomyopathy)
113
secondary hyperparathyroidism
hypocalcemia of chronic kidney disease
114
sexually transmitted disease
chlamydia (usually co-infected with gonorrhea)
115
SIADH
small cell carcinoma of the lung
116
site of diverticula
sigmoid colon
117
sites of atherosclerosis
abdominal aorta > coronary artery > popliteal artery > carotid artery
118
stomach cancer
adenocarcinoma
119
stomach ulcerations and high gastrin levels
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (gastrinoma of duodenum or pancreas)
120
t(14,18)
follicular lymphoma (bcl-2 activation)
121
t(8,14)
Burkitt lymphoma (c-myc activation)
122
t(9,22)
Philadelphia chromosome, CML (bcr-abl fusion)
123
temporal arteritis
risk of ipsilateral blindness due to thrombosis of ophthalmic artery
polymyalgia rheumatica
124
testicular tumor
seminoma
| malignant, radiosensitive
125
thyroid cancer
papillary carcinoma
126
tumor in women
leiomyoma (estrogen dependent, not precancerous)
127
tumor of infancy
hemangioma (usually regresses spontaneously by childhood)
128
tumor of the adrenal medulla in adults
pheochromocytoma (usually benign)
129
tumor of the adrenal medulla in children
neuroblastoma (malignant)
130
type of Hodgkin lymphoma
Nodular sclerosis (vs. mixed cellularity, lymphocytic predominance, lymphocytic depletion)
131
type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma
diffuse large cell
132
UTI
```
E. coli
Staphylococus saphrophyticus (young women)
```
133
viral encephalitis affecting temporal lobe
HSV-1
134
Vitamin deficiency (US)
folate
pregnant women are at high risk, body stores only 3-4 month supply
prevents neural tube defects
