Diuretics

Question 1

carbonic anhydrase inhibitor

Answer 1

azetazolamide

Question 2

osmotic diuretic

Answer 2

mannitol

Question 3

Na/K/2Cl blockers (name 2)

Answer 3

furosemide

ethacrynic acid

Question 4

Na/Cl blocker

Answer 4

hydrochlorothiazide

Question 5

ENaC inhibitor

Answer 5

amiloride

Question 6

aldosterone antagonists (name 2)

Answer 6

spironolactone

eplerenone

Question 7

vasopressin antagonist

Answer 7

tolvaptan

Question 8

ENaC is potassium _______ (sparing/wasting)

Answer 8

sparing

Question 9

for hypertension, first line is ________ diuretics

Answer 9

thiazide

Question 10

for edematous states, first line is _________ diuretics

Answer 10

loop

Question 11

most diuretics are aimed at ________ ECFV by _________

Answer 11

reducing

excreting sodium

Question 12

what stimulates the thirst response?

Answer 12

high osmolality of blood

Question 13

immobile interstitial volume

Answer 13

bone
transcellular
dense connective tissue

Question 14

the end game for diuretics is to ________

Answer 14

change the steady state (in=out) to a lower volume of body fluid

Question 15

the phenomenon whereby diuretics cause a temporary increase in Na/H20 excretion with decrease in body weight, but then stabilize at a new steady state is called ________

Answer 15

diuretic braking

Question 16

increases luminal sodium

Answer 16

carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

Question 17

alkalinizes the urine

Answer 17

carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

Question 18

increase in sodium to the DCT macula dense cells leads to ____________

Answer 18

increased EA relaxation and subsequent decrease in GFR

diuretic braking

Question 19

can treat metabolic alkalosis

Answer 19

carbonic anhydrase inhibitor

increase bicarb excretion in urine

Question 20

can treat Acute Mountain Sickness

Answer 20

carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

reduce accumulation of CO2

Question 21

topically, can treat glaucoma

Answer 21

carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

reduce production of aqueous humor

Question 22

renal stones
metabolic acidosis
cross hypersensitivity with sulfonamides

ADVERSE EFFECTS OF

Answer 22

carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

but usually well tolerated

Question 23

secreted by OATS into tubular lumen

Answer 23

carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
loop diuretics
thiazide diuretics

Question 24

loop diuretics decreasing potassium back leak leads to______

Answer 24

decreased Ca and Mg reabsorption

Question 25

inhibits Na sensing mechanism in macula densa

Answer 25

loop diuretics

Question 26

diuretic braking for loop diuretics is via _________

Answer 26

release of PGs and NO from macula dense, leading to increase in renin (and Na retention)

Question 27

site of action: PT

Answer 27

CAIs

Question 28

site of action: TALH

Answer 28

loop diuretics

Question 29

first choice for hypertension with CHF

Answer 29

loop diuretic

Question 30

``` hypokalemia arrhythmias r/t lyte depletion hypotension ototoxicity hyperuricemia ADVERSE EFFECTS OF ```

Answer 30

loop diuretics

Question 31

decrease morbidity and mortality in HF patients

Answer 31

loop diuretics

Question 32

increase luminal sodium and chloride

Answer 32

thiazides

Question 33

decreases calcium excretion

Answer 33

thiazides can use to treat hypercalciuria (prevent renal stones)

Question 34

side of action: DCT

Answer 34

thiazides

Question 35

___________ are frequently given with thiazides to minimize hypokalemia

Answer 35

ACE inhibitors

Question 36

``` hypokalemia hypercalcemia hyperuricemia hyperglycemia hyperlipidemia ADVERSE EFFECTS OF ```

Answer 36

thiazides

Question 37

decrease morbidity and mortality in pts with HF AND HTN

Answer 37

thiazides

Question 38

increased luminal _______ in the collecting duct causes potassium excretion

Answer 38

sodium | MOA at principal cells

Question 39

increased luminal _______ in the collecting duct causes H+ excretion

Answer 39

potassium | MOA at alpha-intercalated cells

Question 40

secreted by OCT in PT

Answer 40

ENaC blockers

Question 41

site of action: late DCT & CD

Answer 41

ENaC blockers | Aldosterone antagonists

Question 42

Aldosterone antagonists are most effective when ________ levels are high

Answer 42

aldosterone (activated RAAS)

Question 43

compared to spironolactone, eplerenone has decreased risk of _________

Answer 43

gynecomastia

Question 44

given in conjunction with thiazide or loop diuretics to prevent loss of K+

Answer 44

ENaC blockers | aldosterone antagonists

Question 45

reduces morbidity and mortality in HF when given in combo with loop or thiazide

Answer 45

aldosterone antagonists

Question 46

not absorbed in the GI, must be given IV to be filtered into the kidney

Answer 46

mannitol

Question 47

site of action: water permeable segments of nephron, mainly DLH

Answer 47

osmotic diuretics

Question 48

used to reduce intracranial or intraocular pressure perioperatively

Answer 48

osmotic diuretics

Question 49

site of action: CD

Answer 49

vasopressin (ADH) antagonists

Question 50

used to treat SIADH

Answer 50

vasopressin antagonists