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Grade 10-11 SCIENCE > Diversity of Living Things > Flashcards

Diversity of Living Things Flashcards

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1
Q

What are some reasons viruses are not considered living? (Compare living things to virus’)

A

Living things: can maintain homeostasis, reproduce, grow, use energy, have levels of organization, respond to stimuli, and adapt to their environment

Virus only have levels of organization and adapt to their environment. They can only reproduce, use energy, and respond to stimuli in the presence of a host. They cannot do the other 2 things.

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2
Q

What is a dichotomous key?

A

A scientific tool used for identifying organisms by presenting a series of paired choices based on observable characteristics

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3
Q

What are good things bacteria do?

A

Cyanobacteria are major oxygen producers, and overall bacteria can be decomposers and release carbon, hydrogen, etc…

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4
Q

How do bacteria/archaea reproduce? Explain what it is.

A

Binary Fission. It is a type of asexual reproduction that makes cells genetically identical to the single parent cell.

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5
Q

Do bacteria/archaea have genetic variation? If so, how does it work?

A

It is called conjugation. It is the copy and transfer of plasmids between identical cells through a sex pilus

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6
Q

What are bacteria and archaea called generally (in relation to the third domain)

A

Prokaryotic

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7
Q

What is the structure of pilus and what are plasmids really

A

They’re like long hollow, straw-like sticks that stick out of the cell wall. And, they’re just bits of information that a cell had gathered in particular that helped them survive.

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8
Q

What are some bad things bacteria do?

A

Food poising, strep throat, tooth decay

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9
Q

Explain the types of metabolism of bacteria and archaea

A
  1. Aerobic - NEED oxygen for cell function
  2. Anaerobic do not need O2, could function with or without
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10
Q

What is the cell called in relation to what metabolism is runs on?

A

The ones that must have oxygen are obligate aerobes. The ones who do not need it are facultative aerobes”

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11
Q

List the ways bacteria get their food and what each term means

A
  • autotroph: make their own energy molecules
  • photoautotroph: use photosynthesis (light+CO2)
    -chemoautotroph: use chemosynthesis (chem energy+non-carbon molecules)
  • heterotroph: use chem rxns and CO2 from other living things
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12
Q

How do autotrophic archaea make their energy if they don’t use photosynthesis? Is it aerobic or anaerobic

A

Methanogenesis.

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13
Q

Describe the environment of bacteria using the right terminology

A

Mesophile. They are found in moderate/ less extreme ground

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14
Q

Describe the environment of archaea using the right terminology

A

Extremophile. They are found in extreme conditions

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15
Q

What names can archaea be given in terms of their habitat choices? What do the prefixes mean?

A

Thermophile (heat), acidophile (acid), and halophile (salo).

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16
Q

How many cells are present in organisms classified as Protista?

A

Unicellular and multicellular

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17
Q

What is the cell wall material in Fungi?

A

Chitin

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18
Q

What is the primary nutrition mode of Animalia?

A

Heterotrophs

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19
Q

What kind of cells does the organism Amoeba have?

A

Eukaryote

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20
Q

What type of reproduction do Plantae typically use?

A

Sexual

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21
Q

What is the cell wall material for Plantae?

A

Cellulose

Plantae have cell walls composed of cellulose.

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22
Q

What is the unit of measurement for prokaryotic cells

A

micrometers

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23
Q

List 4 structural features about prokaryotic cells

A
  1. single-celled
  2. lacking true nucleus
  3. lacking complex organelles
  4. large surface area to volume ratio
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24
Q

What kinds of cells are there?

A

prokaryotic or eukaryotic

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25
List the 8 levels of organism classification groups in order, top to bottom
1. Domain 2. Kingdom 3. Phylum 4. Class 5. Order 6. Family 7. Genus 8. Species
26
Define Taxonomy
The science of identifying, classifying, and naming organisms.
27
Cell wall material of bacteria?
Peptidoglycan
28
Cell wall material of archaea?
NOT peptidoglycan!! Sometimes they have no cell wall
29
Cell wall material of animalia?
No cell wall
30
List the Kingdoms
Bacteria, Archaea, Protista, Plantae, Fungi, Animalia
31
How do protista reproduce (mode)
asexual AND sexually
32
Name the domains
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
33
How do bacteria and archaea get their nutrition? Which other kingdom shares this trait?
Auto AND heterotrophically. And so do protista.
34
What is a taxon?
A category that classifies organisms with similar characteristics together (plural is taxa)
35
What are the 3 types of evidence used to classify and name organisms
1. physical 2. physiological 3. genetic
36
What classification group has the highest number of similar organisms? Lowest?
Highest - Domain Lowest - Species
37
What is the largest classification grouped based off of?
cell type
38
Who developed the 2-part scientific naming system being used today? What year and where are they from?
Carl Linnaeus, Swedish, 1707-1778
39
What is the advantage of having a universal naming system?
provides a common language for all scientists
40
How are organisms named using taxonomy?
Capitalized genus, and then the species name
41
What controls what enters and exits the cell?
Cell membrane ## Footnote The cell membrane is a selective barrier that regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell.
42
What provides shape and protection to bacterial cells?
Cell wall ## Footnote The cell wall is crucial for maintaining the integrity and shape of the cell.
43
What is a structure that enhances the survival of bacteria in various conditions?
Capsule ## Footnote The capsule can protect bacteria from phagocytosis and desiccation.
44
What is the jelly-like substance inside a bacterial cell?
Cytoplasm ## Footnote Cytoplasm contains the cell's genetic material and ribosomes.
45
What is the term for a single spherical bacterium?
Coccus ## Footnote Coccus refers to the round shape of certain bacteria.
46
What is the term for two spherical bacteria together?
Diplococcus ## Footnote Diplococcus describes a pair of spherical bacteria.
47
What describes a chain of spherical bacteria?
Streptococcus ## Footnote Streptococcus indicates a linear arrangement of cocci.
48
What describes a clump of spherical bacteria?
Staphylococcus ## Footnote Staphylococcus refers to a cluster of cocci.
49
What is the structure responsible for bacterial movement?
Flagellum ## Footnote The flagellum is a whip-like tail that aids in locomotion.
50
What are the two main types of bacteria based on Gram stain results?
Gram-positive and Gram-negative ## Footnote Gram-positive bacteria retain the dye and appear purple, while Gram-negative do not and appear pink.
51
What do bacteria cell walls contain that differentiates them from archaea?
Peptidoglycan ## Footnote Peptidoglycan is a polymer that provides structural support to bacterial cell walls.
52
What is the shape of a spiral bacterium called?
Spirillum ## Footnote Spirillum describes bacteria that have a spiral shape.
53
What is the term for a single rod-shaped bacterium?
Bacillus ## Footnote Bacillus refers to the rod shape of certain bacteria.
54
What is the structure that allows bacteria to adhere to surfaces?
Pilus (fimbriae) ## Footnote Fimbriae are hair-like structures that help bacteria attach to surfaces.
55
What is a plasmid?
Circular DNA molecule ## Footnote Plasmids can carry genes that provide advantages, such as antibiotic resistance.
56
Fill in the blank: Bacteria can exist in _______ or chains.
pairs ## Footnote Bacteria can form different arrangements based on their division patterns.
57
What is the primary function of ribosomes in bacteria?
Protein synthesis ## Footnote Ribosomes are essential for translating genetic information into proteins.
58
What is the common prefix used to indicate a chain grouping of bacteria?
Strepto- ## Footnote This prefix indicates that the bacteria are arranged in chains.
59
What is the primary staining method used to identify bacterial species based on their cell wall structure?
Gram stain ## Footnote The Gram stain helps differentiate between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
60
How are viruses different from cells? List three differences.
* Viruses do not undergo mitosis, meiosis, or binary fission * Viruses cannot reproduce on their own * Viruses do not have organelles or cytoplasm
61
Why are viruses considered to be obligate intracellular parasites?
They are completely dependent on the host cell for reproduction and need to take resources from the host.
62
What are the two main components of a virus?
* Genetic material (double stranded or single stranded) * Capsid
63
What additional structure may some viruses have?
An envelope
64
What is the basic structure of a virus?
Genetic material and a capsid
65
What shapes can the capsid of a virus take?
* Helical * Icosahedron * Complex/Bacteriophage
66
What is a capsomere?
A subunit of the capsid
67
What does the term 'naked virus' refer to?
A virus without an envelope
68
What is the function of glycoproteins in viruses?
They help viruses attach to host cells
69
Fill in the blank: Viruses can be classified according to:
1. morphology (shape/appearance) 2. genetic material 3. process of replication
70
What is the role of the tail fibers in a bacteriophage?
They inject genetic material into the host cell
71
What is the significance of the viral envelope?
It allows for smooth exit from the host cell
72
What type of nucleic acid can viruses contain?
* DNA * RNA
73
What are the two types of genetic material found in viruses?
* Single-stranded * Double-stranded
74
What are the five steps of the lytic cycle?
1. Attachment 2. Penetration/Entry 3. Replication 4. Assembly 5. Release/Lysis
75
What happens during the attachment step of the lytic cycle?
The capsid combines with the receptor on the bacterial cell wall.
76
What occurs during the penetration step of the lytic cycle?
Viral DNA enters the host cell.
77
What is the outcome of the replication step in the lytic cycle?
Viral components are synthesized.
78
What happens during the assembly step of the lytic cycle?
Assembly of viral components occurs.
79
What occurs during the release step of the lytic cycle?
New viruses leave the host cell.
80
What characterizes the lysogenic cycle?
Viral DNA integrates with host DNA and can remain dormant.
81
How is viral DNA passed on in the lysogenic cycle?
It is passed on when host cell reproduces.
82
What triggers the lysogenic cycle to switch to the lytic cycle?
Environmental stress can trigger the switch.
83
What is phage therapy?
Phage therapy uses bacteriophages to target and destroy bacteria without harming the host.
84
What happens to the host DNA during the lytic cycle?
Viral DNA destroys host DNA and uses its resources to replicate.
85
What are prions?
Prions are infectious agents that are undetectable and show no symptoms.
86
How many families of human viruses are out there?
About 21

Grade 10-11 SCIENCE (17 decks)

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