DM

Question 1

What does diabetes increase?

Answer 1

Blood sugars and blood fats

Body needs help to control blood sugar (prevent high/low blood sugars) and decrease blood fats

Question 2

The pancreas actions in regulating blood sugar

Answer 2

Releases insulin when hyperglycemic
Releases glucagon when hypoglycemic

Question 3

In the healthy body, glucagon works to:

Answer 3

Gluconeogenesis- breaks down protein to make “new” glucose in the liver

Raise fat levels in the blood

Help the cells use fat for energy

Question 4

What is the normal blood glucose level?

Answer 4

70-110

Question 5

Brain cells need a constant supply of _______ to survive. Falling below ____ will starve the brain cells

Answer 5

glucose

50

Question 6

Healthy pancreas secretes how much insulin?

Answer 6

50-60 units/day

Question 7

What is toxic to beta cells?

Answer 7

Chronic high blood glucose levels

Question 8

Rapid-acting

Answer 8

insulin lispro (Humalog)
insulin aspart (Novolog)
insulin glulisine (Apidra)

15-30 min
Peak .5-2.5 hr
Duration 3-6 hr

Question 9

Short-acting insulin

Answer 9

regular insulin (Humilin R)
regular insulin (Novolin R)
ends in R

30-60 min
Peak 1-5 hr
Duration 6-10 hr

Question 10

Intermediate-acting

Answer 10

NPH Insulin (Humulin N)
or (Novilin N)
ends in N

1-2 hr
Peak 6-14 hr
Duration 16-24 hr

Question 11

Long-acting

Answer 11

glargine (Lantus)
detemir (Levemir)

70 min
Peak: None
Duration 24 hr

Question 12

Which insulin should NOT be mixed with others?

Answer 12

insulin glargine - Lantus

Question 13

Insulin correction dose

Answer 13

given only if the blood sugar (AC) before meals is above goal range

aka sliding scale

Question 14

Polyuria

Answer 14

Excessive urination

Question 15

Polydipsia

Answer 15

Excessive thirst

Question 16

Polyphagia

Answer 16

Excessive hunger

Question 17

Type I DM

Answer 17

Beta cells shut down; no insulin is produced

Question 18

Type II DM

Answer 18

Beta cells don’t produce enough insulin and cells are insulin-resistant

Question 19

Hypoglycemia may resemble

Answer 19

Stroke or intoxication

Question 20

How does Metformin work?

Answer 20

Reduces hepatic glucose production

Increases insulin action on muscle glucose uptake (reduces insulin resistance)

Question 21

Sulfonylureas action

Answer 21

stimulate beta cells to produce more insulin

side effect: may cause weight gain

Question 22

Chronic blood glucose greater than 200 can cause

Answer 22

Neutrophils not to work

which increases risk for infection and causes poor wound healing

Question 23

Sudden rise in blood sugar may be

Answer 23

the first sign of infection and may occur before fever

Question 24

Diabetic hospitalized patients need

Answer 24

continuous, nonjudgmental support

Question 25

HHS (Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic Sydrome): 1. Target population 2. Blood glucose level

Answer 25

happens in frail, elderly patients with Type 2 DM; often seen when a client gets an infection or is taking corticosteroids blood sugar OVER 600

Question 26

When hypoglycemia is suspected or determined

Answer 26

[assuming the pt is able to swallow] give them 15-20g of a rapid-acting, concentrated carbohydrate (4-6oz of fruit juice, 8oz of skim milk, or 1Tbsp of honey)

Question 27

Somogyi Effect

Answer 27

too much insulin leads to nocturnal hypoglycemia & **rebound hyperglycemia** decrease insulin and/or increase HS snack

Question 28

Dawn phenomenon

Answer 28

hyperglycemia upon waking **W/O** hypoglycemia may need more insulin