DNA

Question 1

What is the structure of a DNA nucleotide?

Answer 1

Pentose sugar (5 carbons)- deoxyribose
Nitrogenous base
Phosphate group

Question 2

What 4 bases can the nitrogenous bases be?

Answer 2

Adenine, thymine, cytosine and guanine

Question 3

How are the 3 components of the nucleotide joined together?

Answer 3

By a condensation reaction

Question 4

What is the function of DNA?

Answer 4

Hold/store and pass genetic information from cell to cell and generation to generation

Question 5

What does DNA contain?

Answer 5

The instructions for the growth and development of all organisms

Question 6

Where does the condensation reaction take place?

Answer 6

Between the deoxyribose sugar and the phosphate group of another nucleotide

Question 7

What bond is formed during a condensation reaction?

Answer 7

Phosphodiester bond- makes a dinucleotide

Question 8

How is the sugar phosphate backbone created?

Answer 8

The chain of alternating phosphate groups and pentose sugars produced as a result of many phosphodiester bonds

Question 9

Which bases are purine and which are pyrimidines?

Answer 9

Adenine and guanine- purine
Cytosine and thymine- pyrimidines

Question 10

What does purine mean?

Answer 10

A double ring structure

Question 11

What does pyrimidines mean?

Answer 11

A single ring structure

Question 12

How do the bases on the 2 strands of DNA attach to each other?

Answer 12

Hydrogen bonding

Question 13

What are the 2 polynucleotide strands like?

Answer 13

Running in opposite directions (anti-parallel)

Question 14

How does a double helix form?

Answer 14

The uprights of phosphate and deoxyribose wind around one another to form a double helix

Question 15

What is similar in both DNA and RNA?

Answer 15

Both types of nucleic acid
Both found in all living cells
Both needed to build proteins

Question 16

Function of RNA?

Answer 16

Transfer the genetic code found in DNA out of the nucleus and carry it to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm

Question 17

What is RNA the copy for?

Answer 17

For making protein or having a specific function e.g. carrying amino acids

Question 18

What are the 3 types of RNA?

Answer 18

mRNA
rRNA
tRNA

Question 19

What is mRNA’s role?

Answer 19

Copy used in translation

Question 20

What is the role of rRNA?

Answer 20

Combined with proteins to form ribosomes

Question 21

What is the role of tRNA?

Answer 21

Anticodon to pair with codon on mRNA- carries the specific amino acid

Question 22

What are the components of a RNA nucleotide?

Answer 22

Phosphate group
Ribose sugar with a OH- group at the 2’ position
Nitrogenous base (A,C,G,U)

Question 23

What does the OH group positioned at the 2’ make the RNA molecule?

Answer 23

Makes RNA more susceptible to hydrolysis- why DNA is the storage molecule and the RNA is the transport molecule with the shorter molecular lifespan

Question 24

What sugar is in RNA?

Answer 24

Ribose

Question 25

4 differences between RNA and DNA structure?

Answer 25

RNA- contains uracil, DNA-contains thymine RNA- contains ribose pentose sugar, DNA- contains deoxyribose pentose sugar RNA- single stranded, DNA- double stranded RNA- shorter, DNA- longer

Question 26

Structure of RNA in relation to its function?

Answer 26

Single stranded- easily binds to other molecules e.g. for translation Shorter- only provides the code for one protein

Question 27

Where is DNA found in eukaryotic cells?

Answer 27

In the nucleus- in the form of chromosomes

Question 28

In eukaryotic cells, is DNA membrane bound?

Answer 28

Yes

Question 29

Are there plasmids in eukaryotic cells?

Answer 29

No plasmids

Question 30

Is DNA linear or non-linear in eukaryotic cells?

Answer 30

DNA is linear

Question 31

Are DNA molecules longer or shorter in eukaryotic cells?

Answer 31

Longer

Question 32

How are chromosomes formed?

Answer 32

DNA molecules occur in association with proteins called histones to form chromosomes

Question 33

Is there DNA in chloroplasts?

Answer 33

Yes- there is circular DNA in the stroma

Question 34

Is there DNA in the mitochondria?

Answer 34

Yes- circular DNA in the matrix

Question 35

What is DNA like in prokaryotic cells?

Answer 35

DNA may be in the form of circular strands (plasmids)- can have variable number of plasmids

Question 36

Is DNA membrane bound in prokaryotic cells?

Answer 36

No membrane bound

Question 37

Is DNA shorter or longer in prokaryotic cells?

Answer 37

DNA molecules are shorter- form a circle

Question 38

Where are circular chromosomes found in prokaryotic cells?

Answer 38

In the nucleoid region