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DNA Replication Flashcards

1
Q

Nucleic acid

A

Monomer = nucleotide
Phosphate group
Sugar - pentose
Purine/pyrimidine

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2
Q

Phosphodiester bond

A

Links together 2 nucleotides by condensation reaction

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3
Q

Glycosidic bond

A

Bounds bases to sugar

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4
Q

Oligonucleotides

A

Short chains

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5
Q

Polynucleotides

A

Longer chains

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6
Q

Types of RNA

A 
tRNA
mRNA
rRNA
snRNA
viral RNA
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7
Q

DNA

A

ds chains bound by H bonds between bases; formed by 2-deoxyribose & bases (A,G,C,T)
Linear
Circular
Both strands carry the same genetic information

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8
Q

RNA

A

Usually ss polynucleic chain, formed from ribose & bases (A,G,C,U)

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9
Q

DNA Conformation

A

Primary
Secondary
Tertiary

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10
Q

DNA Primary Structure

A

Sequence of bases in nucleic acid chain

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11
Q

DNA Secondary structure

A

Shape of polynucleic chain in space -> Watson/Crick’s pairing of complementary strands
RNA = helix, double helix, cloverleaf
DNA = linear/circular right handed double helix

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12
Q

DNA Tertiary structure

A

DNA is organized into chromosome

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13
Q

DNA Denaturation

A

By heat treatment or high pH

Causes ds helix to dissociate into ss

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14
Q

Reversible process of DNA denaturation

A

Hybridization

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15
Q

DNA Cleavage (depolymeration)

A

Breaking of covalent bond between nucleotides of DNA strands by specific enzymes (restrictive nucleases)

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16
Q

Condensation of DNA into chromosome

A

Nucleosome -> chromatin fibre -> loops of fibre -> mitotic chromosome

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17
Q

Cell mechanisms

A

Copying of genetic information from mother to daughter cells

Protection of genetic information against defects (mutations)

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18
Q

When is DNA replicated?

A

S (synthetic)

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19
Q

Leading strand

A

DNA strand continuously synthesised in 5’-3’ direction

Single RNA primer is used

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20
Q

Lagging strand

A

DNA strand at the opposite side from the leading strand
Synthesised in 5’-3’ direction in short segments known as Okazaki fragments
Multiple RNA primers are used

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21
Q

DNA replication

A

Results in 2 identical copies of DNA (each copy is made of 1 strand from original DNA & 1 strand from nucleotide pool)

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22
Q

Semiconservative replication

A

Each strand can serve as template for synthesis of new strand

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23
Q

What are telomeres?

A

Repeating sequences of 6 base pairs

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24
Q

Why do chromosomes have telomeres?

A

Prevent chromosome ends from fraying & sticking to each other, that would cause cancer or other diseases/death
Allow cells to divide without losing genes
Without telomeres, chromosomes ends would look like broken DNA & the cell would try to fix it or stop dividing

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25
Why do telomeres get shorter each time a cell divides?
DNA polymerases add nucleotides only to 3' end RNA primer is removed from 5' end leaving ssDNA segment that is degraded & thus DNA will get shorter with each round of DNA replication Cells normally an divide about 50-70 times
26
Does anything counteract telomere shortening?
Enzyme telomerase adds tandem repeats of bases to end of DNA using RNA molecules as atemplate
27
Are telomeres the key to aging & cancer?
When cell divides more often telomeres become very short, cells do not divide & become inactive/die It can escape this fate fate by activating enzyme tekomerase which prevents telomeres from getting even shorter
28
DNA Damage
By exogenous agents such as ionising radiation, genotoxic chemicals, endogenously generated reactive oxygen, mechanical stress on chromosomes
29
DNA mismatch repair
Correction of replication errors that result from DNA polymerase misincorporation
30
Base excision repair
Corrects mutagenic damage of DNA from deamination, depurination
31
Pyrimidine dimers
Caused by UV component of sunlight DNA intrastrand crosslinks Oxidative damage
32
Transposition
Translocation of DNA sequence by enzyme transposase
33
Intermolecular transpoisition
Between different DNA molecules
34
Intramolecular transposition
On the same DNA molecule, cause change in genetic information, can lead to inactivation of genes in which it is located
35
Transposon
"Jumping genes" | DNA sequence that can translocate
36
Retrotransposons
Genetic elements that move in the genome by being transcribed to RNA & then back to DNA by reverse transcriptase
37
Microsatellites
Simple sequence repeats Polymorphic due to an increased rate of mutation compared to other neutral regions of DNA Typically used as molecular markers in genetics, population studies, relationship studies
38
Minisatellites
Persone genome have different numbers of repeats, thereby making them unique
39
Genetic marker
DNA sequence that can be identified by simple assay
40
Common used types of genetic markers
STR SNP VNTR RFLP
41
Nucleosome
DNA is wrapped around a core of 8 histone proteins that are linked by H1 histones to form nucleosome which helps supercoil chromosome & regulate transcription
42
rRNA
Catalytic part of ribosome
43
mRNA
Copy gene for translation
44
tRNA
Bring amino acid to ribosome
45
snRNA
RNA processing
46
DNA vs RNA
SBS | sugar, base, strand
47
DNA Replication processes
Initiation Priming Elongation Termination
48
DNA Replication initiation
DNA strands unwound & separate
49
DNA Replication priming
RNA primers are added to act as initiation points for DNA synthesis
50
DNA Replication elongation
New complementary DNA strands are synthesised in a 5'-3' direction
51
DNA Replication termination
Primers replaced & fragments joined
52
DNA Replication initiation enzyme
Helicase
53
DNA Replication priming enzyme
RNA primase
54
DNA Replication elongation enzyme
DNA polymerase III
55
DNA Replication termination enzyme
DNA polymerase I | DNA ligase
56
Leading strand
Polymerase moving towards replication fork | Can copy continuously
57
Lagging strand
Polymerase moving away from replication fork Copies in short fragments (OKAZAKI) Because it is constantly exposing new nucleotides
58
DNA mismatch
Right after new DNA has been made & its job is to remove & replace mis-paired bases
59
Base-pair excision
Mechanism that detect & remove damaged bases
60
Glycosylase
Group of enzyme that detect & remove damaged bases
61
Correction of pyrimidine dimers
Detects & corrects types of damage that distort the DNA double helix
62
Transposon
"Copy & paste" Chunk of DNA that "jump" form 1 place to another within a genome Require enzyme transposase
63
Retrotransposons
"copy & paste" BUT copy is made from RNA no DNA RNA copies are then transcribed back to DNA (reverse transcriptase) -> which are inserted into new locations in the genome
64
Satellite DNA
Fraction of a eukaryotic organism's DNA that consists of large arrays of tandemly repeating, non-coding DNA Main component of centromeres -> form heterochromatin
65
Tandem repeats
Occur in DNA when pattern of 1/more nucleotides is repeated & repetitions are directly adjacent to each other
66
Molecular marker
Fragment of DNA associated with location in genom | Identify particular sequence of DNA in pool of unknown DNA

Biology Exam (14 decks)

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