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Biology Exam > Population Genetics > Flashcards

Population Genetics Flashcards

(62 cards)

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1
Q

Population

A

Group of organisms of 1 species that interbreed & live in the same place at the same time

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2
Q

Gamete fond

A

Set of gametes in population

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3
Q

Genofond (gene pool)

A

Set of genes (alleles) in population

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4
Q

Population parameters

A

Size (n)
Effective size
Generation interval
Genotype & allelic frequencies

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5
Q

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

A

Frequency of alleles & genotypes in population will remain constant from generation to generation if population is stable & in genetic equilibrium

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6
Q

Conditions required in order for a population to remain at HW equilibrium

A

Population is large, panmitic & mating of individuals of same generation
NO natural selection, mutation, genetic drift or gene flow

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7
Q

Types of reproduction

A

Inbreeding
Autogamy
Outbreeding
Panmixia

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8
Q

Inbreeding

A

When close relatives mate

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9
Q

Autogamy

A

Self-fertilisation

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10
Q

Outbreeding

A

When unrelated individuals mate

SELECTION

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11
Q

Selection

A

Differential survival & reproduction of individuals in a population due to traits differences

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12
Q

Fitness

A

Reproductive efficiency

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13
Q

Natural selection

A

Mechanism that can lead to adaptive evolution

trait under selection must be inheritable

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14
Q

Evolution

A

Process of change in allele frequencies over time

Can be caused by selection & other forces

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15
Q

Panmixia

A

Condition of HW equilibrium

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16
Q

Genetic drift

A

Changes in gene pool of small population due to errors in propagation of alleles from 1 generation to next

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17
Q

Bottleneck effect

A

Population undergoes a drastic reduction in size as a result of genetic drift

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18
Q

Inbreeding & autogamy ->RESULTS

A

Allele frequencies are not changed
Genotype frequencies are changed
Reduction of f of heterozygotes
Increasing of f of homozygotes

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19
Q

Outbreeding -> RESULTS

A

Change in allelic & genotype frequencies

Important for evolution

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20
Q

Mutation -> RESULTS

A

Change in allelic frequencies

Important for evolution

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21
Q

Genetic drift -> RESULTS

A

Change in allelic frequencies between generations (fixation of some alleles, elimination of some alleles)
Reduction of heterozygotes
Increasing of homozygotes
Decreasing of genetic variability

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22
Q

Bottleneck effects -> RESULTS

A

Changing of allelic frequencies

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23
Q

Gene flow

A

Occurs when alleles are exchanged between 2 populations

Gain or loss of alleles from a population due to migration of fertile individuals or from the transfer of gametes

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24
Q

Gene flow -> RESULTS

A

Change in allelic & genotype frequencies

Increasing of genetic variability in population

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25
Practical application of population genetics
Genetic diseases Problems with small populations Study of evolution
26
Genetic diseases
Study of the frequencies of genetic diseases in populations | Treatment (prevention) of genetic disases
27
Genetic diseases are influenced by
``` Mutation Selection Genetic drift Gene flow Inbreeding ```
28
Problems with small populations -> RESULTS
Fixation of unfavourable alleles Increasing of homozygotes Decreasing of genetic variability Decreasing of fitness -> disease
29
Study of evolution
Phylogenetic tree | Neutral mutation
30
Phylogenetic tree
Illustrate evolutionary relationship among biological species under graphical form Organisms are classified descending from common ancestor Built from morphological data or molecular data
31
Neutral Mutation
Change into pos./neg. mutation is influenced by genetic drift Speed of change is known as molecular clock
32
Biological evolution
Historical development of life forms, their origin & disappearance
33
Biological evolution - levels of studies
Microevolution Speciation Macroevolution
34
Microevolution
Changes in populations of 1 species Changes in frequencies of diff. allelic forms of genes within (small) population Mechanisms: Inbreeding & genetic drift
35
Speciation
Origin of new species
36
Macroevolution
Evolution of higher taxa than species | Theory of punctuated equilibrium: alternation of stasigenesis & evolutionary activity
37
Phylogeny
Historical development of organisms, ancestral lineages
38
Ontogeny
Development of an individual (embryo, fetus, etc.)
39
Lamarackism
Organisms possess inborn ability & will to change towards more perfect or complex forms
40
Lamarackism - main postulates
1) Change of env. evokes active need for the change of organisms which is achieved by using organs 2) Acquired adaptions are transferred by heredity to offspring (neck of giraffe)
41
Darwinism
Origin of species by means of natural & sexual selection
42
Darwinism - main postulates
``` Common origin of organisms Permanent change Gradualism Multiplication of species Natural selection Sexual selection Heritable variation within populations ```
43
Neo-darwinism
Synthesis of Mendelian genetics & population genetics Population is important, individual is not important Synthesis of mathematic, genetic, systematic, paleontology, biochemistry, ecology, etology... Genecentric aspect - selection of alleles, evolution
44
Basic mechanisms of evolution
Heritable variability Changing environment Natural (sexual) selection
45
Heritable variability
Precondition for natural selection | Source of variability: mutations & recombinations
46
Changing environment
Drives evolution by means of adaptions
47
Natural (sexual) selection
Carriers of advantageous mutations have more offsprings
48
Asexual reproduction
Advantage in stable environment
49
Sexual reproduction
Advantage in changing environment Greater genetic variability by recombination: 1) crossing-over during meiosis 2) segregation of chromosomes during meiosis 3) fertilisation
50
Coevolution
Evolution of 2 or more species influenced by mutual relations
51
Long term results of microevolution
Subpopulations with different natural selection -> subspecies _> new species
52
Example of microevolution
Industrial melanism
53
Biological species
``` Closed reproducing group Offspring belongs to the same species Unique evolutionary origin & history Unique phenotypic & genetic properties Unique ecological niche ```
54
Anagenesis
Changes in species without cleavage into evolution lines
55
Cladogenesis
Cleavage of evolution lines
56
Cladogenesis - allopatric
Geographic | Speciation with geographic isolation
57
Cladogenesis -sympatric
Ecologic, competitive | Speciation within population without geographic isolation
58
Syngenesis
Fusion of originally separate ancestral lineages
59
Synklepton
Participating parental populations | Klepton can hybridise with parental generation
60
Stasigenesis
Temporary evolutionary constancy (no development)
61
Mass extinction
Climatic change Change of rules -> new starting line Free ecological niches - adaptive radiation
62
Man as a source of evolutionary changes
``` Man alters biosphere Changes criteris New genotoxins Genome manipulation Man threatens biodivery & further existence of life on Earth ```

Biology Exam (14 decks)

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