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Cell Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

Schleiden, Schwann, Virchov - cell theory

A

1) All living things are made of cells
2) Cell is the basic unit of structure & function in all organisms
3) Every cell comes from another cell that lived before it

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2
Q

Cell cycle

A

Replication of chromosomes (DNA) & cell growth
Separation of chromosomes
Cell division

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3
Q

Cell Cycle (Phases)

A 
Interphase
G1
S
G2
M=Mitosis
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4
Q

G1

A

First gap

Growth of cell - duplication f organelles, synthesis of proteins

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5
Q

S

A

Synthetic

Replication of nuclear DNA - duplication of chromosomes

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6
Q

G2

A

Second gap

Growth of cell continues

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7
Q

Mitosis

A

Cell divides its nucleus

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8
Q

Cell cycle checkpoints

A

Monitor & regulate cell cycle allowing verification of necessary phase processes & repair of DNA damage
Prevent uncontrolled cell division

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9
Q

Cyclins

A

Control cell cycle
Help drive events at certain phase
Group of related proteins
Increase level at stage where it is needed

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10
Q

Cdks

A

Control cell cycle
Inactive enzymes that phosphorylate (add P group) to specific target proteins
P group act like “switch” - make target protein more or less active
Control processes in the cell cycle

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11
Q

Promoting factors (complex)

A

Cyclins + Cdks

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12
Q

APC

A

Anaphase promoting complex

Starts destruction of cohesions thus allowing the sister chromatids to separate

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13
Q

G0 phase

A

Cell cycle is stopped in response to a lack of growth factors or nutrients
Cyclins & Cdks disappear

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14
Q

Mitosis

A

Division of somatic cells, results in 2 daughter cells with identical genetic material (1 set of chromosomes from mother, the other from father)

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15
Q

Mitosis (mitochondria & chloroplasts)

A

Are duplicated & randomly distributed into the daughter cells

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16
Q

Mitosis (ER, GA)

A

Are fragmented & randomly distributed into the daughter cells

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17
Q

Prophase

A 
Identical sister chromatids (cohesions)
Chromosome condensation by CONDENSINS
Nucleolus become invisible
Kinetochore is formed
Mitotic spindle is formed
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18
Q

Mitotic spindle is composed of

A

Centrosome
Kinetochore microtubules
Polar microtubules
Astral microtubules

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19
Q

Prometaphase

A

Nuclear envelope breaks down

Kinetochore microtubules attach to sister chromatids

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20
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

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21
Q

Anaphase

A

Sister chromatids by enzyme SEPARASE (previously blocked by SECURIN)
K MT pull chromatids to opposite poles
Identical sets of chromosomesd

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22
Q

Telophase

A

Nuclear envelope forms
Chromosomes decondense
Creates 2 daughter cells (cytok.)

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23
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Cytoplasm is dividing

Begins in anaphase & continues through telophase

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24
Q

Cytokinesis in animal cell

A

Cytoplasm is divided by a contractile ring of actin & myosin II - forms cleavage furrow

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25
Cytokinesis in plant cell
Guided by phragmoplast Vesicles from GA are transported along MT to the equator of phragmoplast Vesicles fuse to form membrane enclosed structure, which expands until it reaches the plasma membrane & cell divides in 2
26
Phragmoplast
Formed by remains of polar microtubules at the equator of old mitotic spindle
27
Meiosis
Division of sexual cells (gametes) Results in 4 daughter cells with non-identical genetic material Haploid (1 set of chromosomes)
28
Meiosis I
Different from mitosis | Recombination of genetic information
29
Meiosis II
Similar like mitosis
30
Prophase I ("stages")
``` Leptotene Zygotene Pachytene Diplotene Diakinesis ```
31
Leptotene
Chromosomes begin to condense
32
Zygotene
Homologous chromosomes combine to form bivalent (tetrad), forming synaptonemal complex (synapis)
33
Pachytene
Nonsister chromatids of homologous chromosomes randomly exchange segments of genetic information -crossing over Results in recombination of genetic information
34
Diplotene
Synaptonemal complex degrades Homologous chromosomes separate, a little Chiasmata
35
Diakinesis
Nucleolus disappears Nuclear membrane disintegrates into vesicles Mitotic spindle begins to form
36
Metaphase 1
Homologous chromosomes align along an equatorial plane
37
Anaphase I
K MT pull homologous chromosomes toward opposite poles (random segregation of chromosomes - recombination) Nonk. MT lengthen, cell elongates
38
Telophase I
Each daughter cell is haploid (half # of chromosomes each consisting of a pair of chromatids) Cytokinesis completes the creation of 2 daughter cells
39
Interkinesis
Interphase II | Period of rest, no DNA replication
40
Prophase II
Disappearance of nucleoli & nuclear envelope Shortening & thickening of chromatids Centrosomes move to poles & arrange spindle fibers
41
Metaphase II
Chromosomes align along an equatorial plane
42
Anaphase II
Centromeres are cleaved | MT to pull sister chromatids apart (sister chromatids -> sister chromosomes)
43
Telophase II
Uncoiling & lengthening of chromosomes Disappearance of MT Nuclear envelopes are formed Cytokinesis produces a total of 4 daughter cells
44
Significance of meiosis
1) Meiosis facilitates stable sexual production | 2) Meiosis produces genetic variety in gametes
45
Regulation of cell # in multicellular organisms
By signals for proliferation & differentiation of cell | By programmed cell death
46
Apoptosis
Programmed cell death ("cellular suicide") -> tidy
47
Apoptosis manifestation
Cell shrink & develop "blebs" on surface DNA in nucleus is chopped up into pieces & some organelles (i.e. ER) break down into fragments Entire cell splits up into chunks, each enclosed in a package of membrane Chunks release signals that attract cells from immune system (phagocytes) which eats them NO INFLAMMATION Apoptic bodies = "chunks"
48
Necrosis
Accidental cell death (cells die due to injury) - messy
49
Necrosis manifestation
Cells damaged by harmful factors "spill their guts" as they die Cell swells up due to no control in passage of water & ions Damaged plasma membrane explodes & release its contents through holes in membrane OFTEN cause INFLAMMATION in tissue surrounding the dead cell Severe damage of 1 system in the cell leads to secondary damage in other systems
50
Apoptosis triggers
Internal signals External signals Apoptosis-inducing factors
51
G1 checkpoint
Cell size - large enough Nutrients - enough energy reserves Growth factors DNA damage
52
G2 checkpoint
DNA damage | DNA replication completeness (from S phase)
53
Error/damage)
Repair | If irreparable: apoptosis
54
M checkpoint
Chromosome attachment to spindle at metaphase plate
55
Proteasome
Protein complexes that degrade unneeded/damaged proteins by proteolysis (chemical reaction that breaks peptide bonds)
56
Attachment of cyclin to Cdk
Activates Cdk as a kinase | Directs Cdk to specific target proteins
57
Cdk process (G1)
G1 cyclin send Cdks to S phase target | Promote DNA replication
58
Cdk process (M)
M cyclins send Cdk to M phase targets | Make nuclear membrane break down
59
Cue
Signal for an action
60
Positive cue (cell regulation) example
Growth factors | Normally increase activity of Cdks & cyclins
61
Negative cue (cell regulation) example
DNA damage | Normally decrease or block activity
62
Kinase
Enzyme that adds P groups to other molecules
63
Condensins
Large protein complex | Play central role in chromosome assembly & segregation during mitosis & meiosis
64
Cohesions
Hold 2 sister chromatids together
65
Kinetochore
Protein structure that forms on a chromatid during cell division Allows for attachment of MT on a chromosome
66
Anaphase (APC/C) process
APC/C adds Ub tag to protein securin (normally binds to inactive separase) When securin is sent for recycling, separase become active & can do its "job" -> Separase chops up cohesion that holds sister chromatids together = allow them to separate
67
Synapsis
Fusion of chromosome pairs (zygotes)
68
Synaptonemal complex
Holds together homologous chromosomes
69
Crossing-over
Exchange of genetic material | PACHYTENE
70
Role of nonkinetochore microtubules
Lengthen & push centrioles further apart
71
Proliferation
Increase in number of cells | Balance between cell divison & cell loss through cell death or differentiation
72
Proliferation process
Growth factors Receptors Signalling molecules (transmit message from receptor to nucleus) Transcription factors (binds to DNA, turn on/off production of proteins)
73
Differentiation
Less specialized cells -> more specialized cells OFTEN during development of multicellular organisms Change from single zygote to complex system of tissues & cell types

Biology Exam (14 decks)

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