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Biology Exam > Life > Flashcards

Life Flashcards

(71 cards)

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1
Q

Mechanism

A

Descartes, 17th

Mechanical explanation of life in which organisms are like a living machine

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2
Q

Neomechanism

A

19th

Chemical & physical explanation of life

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3
Q

Vitalism & neovitalism

A

Early 20th
Organism has a body & soul
Living vs nonliving
= Different because living contain some non-physical force that control form & development, also direct activities

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4
Q

Holism

A

Early 20th
Hierarchy in body composition
Theory that properties of a given system can’t be determined or explained by its component parts alone
INSTEAD, the system as a whole determines how the parts behave

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5
Q

Phylogenesis

A

History of evolutionary development of a species or taxonomic group of animals

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6
Q

Phyloclade

A

New formal code of nomenclature under development, deals with clades

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7
Q

Clades

A

Group of organisms that are more closely related to each other than any other group
-> Imply a shared most recent common ancestor

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8
Q

Cladogram vs Phylogenetic tree

A

C: Lacks info, represent hypothesis about actual evolutionary history
P: Branch lengths represent evolutionary time

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9
Q

Antogenesis

A

Development of an individual (from egg to individual)

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10
Q

Living system

A

Hierarchically organised OPEN self-organising system that have the special characteristics of life aiming to maintain its existence & reproduce itself

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11
Q

General characteristics of living system

A 
Exists in space & time
Genetic & structural unity, hierarchical organisation
(auto) reproduction
Open thermodynamic systen (reduction of entropy): flow of matter, energy, info
Metabolism
Autoregulation (feedback system) 
Reactivity to external stimuli
Ontogeny 
Phylogeny
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12
Q

Eobiont (protobiont)

A

Primitive living system

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13
Q

Abiogenesis

A

Aristoteles

Life spontaneously evolved from non-living things

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14
Q

Biogenesis

A

Life comes from living things
Oparin
Miller & Urey

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15
Q

Earliest cells

A

Anaerobic, heterotrophic prokaryotes
Chemosynthetic prokaryotes
Photosynthetic prokaryotes

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16
Q

Chemosynthetic prokaryotes

A

Evolved when food ran out

Make organic food using energy from inorganic chemicals

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17
Q

Photosynthetic prokaryotes

A

Evolved & produced oxygen (induced formation of ozone layer)
Make organic food using energy from sunlight

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18
Q

Ribozyme

A

RNA enzyme

Catalyse

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19
Q

Hypercycle

A

Organization of self-replicating molecules connected in a cyclic manner

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20
Q

Noncellular form of life, why?

A

Nonliving infectious agents

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21
Q

Virus

A

Unable to grow & reproduce itself outside of a host cell
Infect all cellular life, not all cause disease
Some cause life-long/chronic infections

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22
Q

Virion

A

Single complete infective viral particle = whole virus (RNA/DNA + protein coat)

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23
Q

Vector

A

Disease-bearing organisms, i.e. blood-sucking insects

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24
Q

Capsomeres

A

Identical protein subunits that form capsid

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25
Bacteriophages
Infects a specific bacteria | CAN be used in phage therapy directed against SPECIFIC bacteria
26
DNA viruses
Enter host via endocytosis | Release by lysis or budding
27
RNA viruses
4 different mode of replication based on polarity of RNA & number of strands
28
Reverse transcribing viruses
Retroviruses | Replication by reverse transcription (enzyme transcriptase)
29
Viral replication (lytic cycle) steps
1) Attachment 2) Penetration 3) Synthesis of NA & proteins (gene expression) 4) Maturation 5) Release
30
Lytic cycle
Viral replication that result in destruction of hostel cell
31
Lysogenic cycle
Integration of viral NA into host cell's genome Repressor genes on virus -> host cell can't tell it's there (pro-virus/phage) If repressor gene is weakened -> lytic cycle
32
3 ways for virus to get into cell
1) Bacteriophages (inject their genetic material into cell) 2) Non-enveloped (trick cell receptors to let them in) 3) Enveloped (trick/directly fuse with the membrane)
33
Viroids
Viroid DNA does not code for any protein Smaller BECAUSE only made of circular ssRNA -> catalytic RNA Self-replicative to create more viroids
34
Virusoids
Infects plants in conjugation with an assistant virus Codes for nothing but its own structure Classified as satellites
35
Satellites
Subviral agents composed of NA that depends on the coinfection of a host cell with a helper virus for their multiplication
36
Prions
No genetic material, only made from proteins Alpha -> Beta (same AA's but different shape, A->B if they come in contact) These proteins are resistant to proteases (perform proteolysis) -> form amyloid plaques
37
Bacteria
``` No introns, organized into operons May contain plasmids Asexual reproduction (evolution is limited) ```
38
G+
Thick cell wall with many layers of peptidoglycan | Staphyl/strepto/enterococcus
39
G-
Thin cell all with few layers of peptidoglycan + 2nd lipid membrane E. coli, klebsiella pneumoniae
40
Cultivation of bacteria
Petri dish with mix of protein digests, inorganic salts + 1.5% agar
41
Plasmids
Small, round extrachromosomal DNA that MAY contain genes for antibiotic resistance
42
Conjugation
1 bacteria transfers genetic material to another through direct contact
43
Amyloid
Clumps of misfolded proteins | Builds up & start to interfere with neurons ability
44
MODERN cell theory
All known things are made up of cells Structural & functional unit of all living things All cells come from pre-existing cells (by division) All cells are basically the same in chemical composition All cells contain hereditary information All energy flow of life occurs within cells
45
Cell theory exceptions
Viruses are considered by some to be alive, BUT are NOT made up of cells First cell did not originate from pre-existing cellls
46
Prokaryotic cell
``` 3.5b years ago Unicellular 1-10um Nucleiod Ribsomes 70S Binary fission ```
47
Nucleoid
Equivalent to nucleus | Consist of circular bacterical chromosome -> circular dsDNA without histones
48
Subtypes of prokaryotes
Eubacteria Archebacteria Cyanobacteria
49
Eukaryotic cell
``` 1.5b years ago Uni/multicellular >10um Has a nucleus with chromosome LINEAR dsDNA + histones Mitotic/meiotic Membrane & cytoskeletal systems, organelles ```
50
Subdivisions of eukaryotic cells
Plants Animals Fungi Protists
51
Nuclear pores
Channels through envelope composed of nucleoporins 3000-4000 Allow free passage
52
Nulcear lamina
Networks of intermediate filaments on internal surface on envelope Mechanical support + anchoring sites for chromosomes
53
Nuclear matrix
Protein-containing fibrilar network
54
Nucleoplasm
Viscous liquid | Similar to cytoplasm
55
Genetic informaiton in nucleus
Maintains integrity of genes & control cell activites by regulating gene expression Complex of DNA with histones: Chromatin (interphase) & chromosome (CD)
56
Nucleolus
Densely-stained suborganelle without membrane | Synthesis of rRNA & tRNA
57
Cell secretion - types of vesicles
Exocytotic vesicles (continuous) Secretory (regulated) Lysosomal
58
Lysosomal vesicles
Vesicle with proteins for lysosome Fuses with alte endosome Contents are then transferred to the lysosome
59
Secretory vesicles
Vesicle with protein for extracellular release are stored After signal: move towards the membrane, fuse & release contents Regulated secretion
60
Exocytotic vesicles
Vesicle with proteins for extracellular release moves towards the plasma membrane, fuse 6 release the contents Constitutive secretion
61
Vacuoles function
``` Maintain turgor pressure Enable change of cell shape Maintain acidic internal pH Remove unwanted substances Isolate harmful wastes Push contents of cytoplasm against cell membrane (cp closer to light) Role in autophagy ```
62
Autophagy
Destruction of invading bacteria
63
Peroxisomes function
Decomposition of biohazardous chemicals Breakdown of fatty acids Production of bile acids
64
Mitochondria function
Generates ATP
65
Chloroplast function
Conduct photosynthesis | Generates ATP
66
Endosymbiosis
Theory that explains evolution of eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells Explains the origins of organelles (M?C)
67
Endosymbiosis - mitochondria
Anaerobic cell ingested aerobic bacterium
68
Endosymbiosis - chloroplast
Cell captured photosynthetic cyanobacterium
69
Transformation
A bacterium takes up a piece of DNA floating in its environment
70
Transduction
DNA accidentally moved from 1 bacterium to another by a virus
71
Fertility factor
Conjugation | Chunk of DNA that codes for proteins that make up pilus

Biology Exam (14 decks)

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