Domain 3: Exercise Counseling And Behavior Modifcation Flashcards
(202 cards)
1
Q
Proper breathing technique during strength exercises includes an ________ during the concentric contraction, and ________ during the eccentric phase.
A
Exhale; inhale ( Remember E does not equal eccentric - said by Debbie )
Explanation:
As a general rule, the client should inhale before starting the lift, exhale when performing the concentric contraction, and inhale during the eccentric phase of exercises.
2
Q
Which of the following is a role of the EP-C regarding client use of prescription or over-the-counter medications?
A
Encouraging clients to communicate any changes in medication routine
Explanation:
It is never the role of the EP-C to administer, prescribe, or educate clients on use or effects of medications. However, clients taking medication should be strongly encouraged to communicate any changes in medication routines to the EP-C.
3
Q
According to the Transtheoretical Model, a client who has made specific and measurable changes in her activity in the past 6 months is in which stage of change?
A
Action
Explanation:
The action stage includes individuals who have made specific and measurable changes in the past 6 months.
4
Q
In learning theory, factors that increase the likelihood of adhering to an exercise program are also referred to as:
A
Stimuli.
Explanation:
Relating to exercise, the EP-C can identify what factors (stimuli) increase the likelihood of adhering to an exercise program.
5
Q
The saying “if in doubt, refer out” means:
A
EP-Cs should refer clients to health care professionals in situations where they are unsure if a referral is needed.
Explanation:
Certified Exercise Physiologists who provide services outside their scope of practice put themselves and their clients at risk; if in doubt as to whether or not a client should be referred to another health care professional before working with them, EP-Cs should be cautious and refer them first.
6
Q
Using a behavior contract is one strategy that may be implemented when the client demonstrates a need for:
A
Extrinsic motivation.
Explanation:
Extrinsic motivation is the type of motivation that comes from an external source such as a behavioral contract or agreement.
7
Q
Which of the following theories identifies intention as the primary influence that determines behavior?
A
Theory of planned behavior
Explanation:
The theory of planned behavior identifies intention as the primary influence in determining behavior.
8
Q
To help your client transition from the contemplation stage of change to the preparation stage of change, you should intervene using:
A
Educational materials.
Explanation:
Often, after a client in precontemplation or contemplation assesses decisional balance, a conclusion is reached that behavior change is worth the challenges. Providing informational support may make the client move toward the next stage.
9
Q
When working with clients in a special population, you should:
A
Provide them with initial positive experiences to promote adherence and lower mortality risk.
Explanation:
Programming goals to create a positive experience optimizes effectiveness and adherence.
10
Q
Nonverbal cues are often more informative than spoken words because they convey:
A
Emotions.
Explanation:
Nonverbal cues are often as or even more informative than actual spoken words. They convey emotions, level of engagement in the communication process, and an array of other internal processes.
11
Q
Two common nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) that should be used cautiously in diabetic patients due to increased risk of hypoglycemia are ibuprofen and:
A
Naproxen.
Explanation:
Two common NSAIDs, ibuprofen and naproxen, should be used cautiously in diabetic patients due to increased risk of hypoglycemia.
12
Q
Your client with diagnosed hypertension shows up to your training session with a cold but says she is fine as she took over-the-counter cold pills. You should:
A
Adjust the exercise intensity and duration to avoid excessive increases in blood pressure.
Explanation:
OTC cold and flu medications when taken by clients with HTN require adjusting exercise intensity and duration to avoid excessive BP increases.
13
Q
Over-the-counter cold and flu medications can impact blood pressure if they contain some form of:
A
Ephedrine.
Explanation:
OTC cold and flu medications often contain some form of ephedrine that has been shown to increase systemic blood pressure.
14
Q
One of the key questions to ask to determine a client’s stage of change specific to physical activity is:
A
“Are you doing any physical activity?”
Explanation:
To better develop a plan of action specific to each client, tailored to his current readiness, ask if he is currently doing any physical activity.
15
Q
A preceding event or circumstance that prompts a behavior such as exercise is called:
A
An antecedent.
Explanation:
According to learning theory, an antecedent is a preceding event or circumstance that prompts a behavior.
16
Q
Public relations, as opposed to advertising, communicates information to potential customers:
A
At a more emotional level.
Explanation:
Public relations gives potential customers an opportunity to consider the product or service at a more emotional level.
17
Q
Your client states that she is sore and experiencing some minor swelling in her joints following a weekend squash tournament. You should:
A
Discuss the proper technique for icing affected areas.
Explanation:
The EP-C should encourage injured clients to use the PRICE (protection, rest, ice, compression, and elevation) method until clients can get an appointment with their physicians, if needed.
18
Q
Which of the following provides emotional support for a new client?
A
Having family and friends encourage regular attendance
Explanation:
Social support is an important predictor of exercise adherence and includes four types of support: (1) emotional, (2) tangible, (3) informational, and (4) appraisal.
19
Q
A potential client has been walking 2 miles, several times a week, for the past 3 months and would like to continue progress toward her goals. You suggest that she train with you for several sessions to teach her things she can do on her own. According to the Transtheoretical Model, which stage of change is she currently in?
A
Action
Explanation:
Someone is in the action stage if they have been engaging in the behavior or less than six months.
20
Q
Which of the following affects behavior change as it relates to the health belief model?
A
Education
Explanation:
Education is considered an important tool in the health belief model. Understanding how a client’s health is affected by specific behaviors may be a strong impetus for change.
21
Q
What is the most important strategy when working with a client who is at risk for relapse?
A
Developing a system of social support
Explanation:
Identify potential situations and solutions before they occur to help avoid high-risk situations.
22
Q
Using Social Cognitive Theory, which of the following best describes a client striving to adopt lifestyle changes?
A
The client believes he can lose 2 lbs a week for the next 2 months.
Explanation:
Social cognitive theory (SCT) states that outcome expectations and self-efficacy are the most important factors in behavior change. Clients who feel successful will naturally adopt positive and realistic behaviors.
23
Q
To promote kinesthetic awareness during a stiff-leg deadlift, you should make sure that the client:
A
Feels the stretch in the hamstrings.
Explanation:
Communication is more than just verbal, as it includes nonverbal elements such as visual (what is observed) and kinesthetic (what is felt).
24
Q
An update from a 2007 ACSM/CDC joint statement indicates that physical activity bouts of at least how many minutes can be accumulated towards the recommended total amount of daily physical activity?
A
10 minutes
Explanation:
The 2007 joint statement incorporated guidelines for meeting the vigorous PA guidelines and indicated that bouts of PA should last for at least 10 minutes in duration to be counted toward the 30-minute daily goal.
25
Your new client states that she likes to feel her muscles "tightening and firming up" during strength training. Based on this, you should provide primarily which type of cueing?
Tactile
Explanation:
Cues may be delivered visually, orally, and through touch (tactile cues). There are many different types of cues, including educational, safety, alignment, and motivational cues.
26
A client tells the EP-C about a new diet he is considering. He has friends that are following the diet with great weight-loss results. Which of the following recommendations is most appropriate?
"Consider what your optimal dietary needs are and work to adopt permanent dietary changes."
Explanation:
It is recommended that first review their optimal needs for their dietary intake and their health.
27
A new client was recently diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes. She has been cleared to exercise with the EP-C. Which of the following recommendations is most appropriate?
Strength training intensity should initially utilize 8-12 repetitions per set.
Explanation:
Type 1 diabetic patients should be referred to exercise professionals with more specialized training to prescribe and monitor exercise.
28
Chronic autoimmune diseases impacted by psychological stress include AIDS and:
MS.
Explanation:
Chronic autoimmune diseases such as AIDS and MS are impacted by psychological stress, and several studies provide evidence of the relationship between stress and disease activity.
29
The ability to achieve stability through change is referred to as:
Allostasis.
Explanation:
Allostasis is the ability to achieve stability through change.
30
An individual is more likely to adopt a problem management coping strategy when the situation is appraised as:
Changeable.
Explanation:
One is likely to adopt a problem management coping strategy when the situation is appraised as changeable, resulting in the perception of control and self-efficacy.
31
Cardiovascular disease incidence and mortality are inversely related to both physical activity and:
Physical Fitness.
Explanation:
Besides physical activity, research has shown physical fitness is also inversely related to CVD incidence and mortality.
32
In the communication process, listening is:
As important as speaking.
Explanation:
Listening is as important as speaking in the communication process.
33
A client reports that she has failed to exercise three times in the past week, although she agreed to that goal. Which of the following is the most appropriate verbal response?
"Let's talk about what got in the way of you reaching your goal this past week."
Explanation:
It is important to communicate to clients that they will be accepted regardless of their success or failure in their attempt to increase their exercise.
34
Approximately 50% of people who start an exercise program will drop out within the first:
6 months.
Explanation:
Approximately 50% of people who begin an exercise program will drop out within the first 6 months.
35
Which of the following is a component of a well-stated goal that will help ensure program satisfaction?
Time-bound
Explanation:
Another prominent tool that can help EP-Cs and clients to remember effective goal-setting strategies is the acronym: SMART (specific, measurable, attainable, realistic, and time-bound).
36
Which strategy is effective for improving exercise adherence?
Revisit client goals during reassessments so they coincide with progress toward goals.
Explanation:
Regular assessments, when scheduled at the right intervals, serve to motivate and to provide encouragement to the client.
37
To create an optimal training environment, the MOST important thing an EP-C should do is:
Provide immediate corrective feedback to ensure client safety.
Explanation:
Client safety is paramount, and corrective feedback should be provided immediately. Additional feedback such as praise or encouragement should come afterward if appropriate.
38
Which of the following is ideal for building rapport?
Maintain good and appropriate eye contact.
Explanation:
One of the most important fundamental components of a successful intervention is rapport, which includes appropriate and good eye contact.
39
When used on a regular basis, which of the following promotes exercise adherence?
Online journaling
Explanation:
There is strong evidence that journaling has a positive impact on exercise adherence and well-being by reducing stress, clarifying thoughts, and problem solving.
40
A cognitive manipulation method for gaining control over bodily processes in response to a stressor is:
Biofeedback.
Explanation:
Biofeedback is a cognitive manipulation method for gaining control of heart rate and muscle tension in response to stress.
41
In learning theory, factors that increase the likelihood of adhering to an exercise program are also referred to as:
Stimuli.
Explanation:
Relating to exercise, the EP-C can identify what factors (stimuli) increase the likelihood of adhering to an exercise program.
42
Which of the following building blocks of marketing is not a traditional "P" but is relevant to the fitness industry?
People
Explanation:
Marketing is a function of product, place, price, and promotion, the four Ps. The fitness industry lends itself to one additonal "P", people.
43
Almost all adults will encounter which of the following at some time during their participation in exercise?
Return to sedentary behavior
Explanation:
Unfortunately, most adults encounter relapse at some point during their participation in exercise.
44
Which of the following has the most impact to help a client transition from one stage of change to the next?
Self-efficacy
Explanation:
Self-efficacy and confidence in change are important tools in helping to empower the client toward the next stage of change.
45
A preceding event or circumstance that prompts a behavior such as exercise is called:
An antecedent.
Explanation:
According to learning theory, an antecedent is a preceding event or circumstance that prompts a behavior.
46
The saying "if in doubt, refer out" means:
EP-Cs should refer clients to health care professionals in situations where they are unsure if a referral is needed.
Explanation:
Certified Exercise Physiologists who provide services outside their scope of practice put themselves and their clients at risk; if in doubt as to whether or not a client should be referred to another health care professional before working with them, EP-Cs should be cautious and refer them first.
47
Your client is convinced that a particular ingredient in a supplement will help his training goals. Which of the following is the MOST accurate statement regarding this?
Neither registered dietitians nor physicians are certain about the ingredients in many supplements.
Explanation:
Supplements continue to be unregulated and usually lack evidence-based research about their efficacy.
48
To help your client transition from the contemplation stage of change to the preparation stage of change, you should intervene using:
Educational materials.
Explanation:
Often, after a client in precontemplation or contemplation assesses decisional balance, a conclusion is reached that behavior change is worth the challenges. Providing informational support may make the client move toward the next stage.
49
A client with hypertension begins taking diuretics prescribed by his physician. The resulting increased water excretion may impact HR in which way?
Increased resting and submaximal HR
Explanation:
Increased water excretion associated with diuretics may result in an increased resting and submaximal HR.
50
An individual is more likely to adopt a problem management coping strategy when the situation is appraised as:
Changeable.
Explanation:
One is likely to adopt a problem management coping strategy when the situation is appraised as changeable, resulting in the perception of control and self-efficacy.
51
The two ergogenic aids shown to clearly improve a person's capacity to perform better are:
Water and carbohydrates.
Explanation:
Ergogenic aids have not typically been tested for either effectiveness or safety. With the exception of carbohydrates and water, there is little evidence to suggest that other substances do anything to improve performance.
52
Using a behavior contract is one strategy that may be implemented when the client demonstrates a need for:
Extrinsic motivation.
Explanation:
Extrinsic motivation is the type of motivation that comes from an external source such as a behavioral contract or agreement.
53
When working with clients in a special population, you should:
Provide them with initial positive experiences to promote adherence and lower mortality risk.
Explanation:
Programming goals to create a positive experience optimizes effectiveness and adherence.
54
Your new client is training four to six times a week for a 5K race but is not progressing as fast as she planned. To help her improve her performance using Social Cognitive Theory, which of the following is most appropriate?
Understand her attitude toward training.
Explanation:
If clients repeatedly think that they are unable to improve, they may feel incompetent and develop a negative attitude toward exercise. It's important that the client's expectations and attitudes be identified and understood before establishing an appropriate goal. This is in accordance with the Social Cognitive Theory of behavior change.
55
A new client tells you that he was an avid tennis player before hurting his back a year ago. He often reminisced about it while watching his son during tennis lessons for the past 5 months. He is ready to get in shape for tennis now that his back is better. According to the Transtheoretical Model, which of the following best describes his progression through the stages of change since his back injury?
Contemplation, preparation, action
Explanation:
The client was intending considering making changes within the last 6 months. He prepared by hiring an EP-C. Now he is acting towards behavior change by beginning to train with the EP-C. Contemplation was followed by preparation then action.
56
The most common way to assess the perception of chronic stress level is by use of the:
Perceived Stress Scale.
Explanation:
The most common instrument used to assess perception of stress is the 10-item questionnaire called the Perceived Stress Scale.
57
Typical response rates from e-mail blasts run between what percentages?
5% and 15%
Explanation:
Typical response rates from e-mail blasts run between 5% and 15%.
58
What are the five stages of appreciative inquiry?
Define, discover, dream, design, and deliver
Explanation:
The five stages of appreciative inquiry are define, discover, dream, design, and deliver.
59
The different methods of coping with stress include the two broad categories of problem-focused coping and:
Emotion-focused coping.
Explanation:
The different methods of coping with stress can be separated into two broad categories: problem-focused and emotion-focused coping.
60
To address relapse prevention, the EP-C can:
Develop plans for maintaining activity when work gets stressful.
Explanation:
Relapse prevention focuses largely on self-regulation and anticipation.
61
Gathering background information to provide tailored feedback is most commonly done:
Through standardized assessments.
Explanation:
The solicitation of the background information required to provide tailored feedback may be done verbally, but is commonly done via standardized assessments.
62
What is the return rate for marketing through direct mail?
1-3%.
Explanation:
Direct mail traditionally has produced a return rate between 1% and 3%.
63
A written document provided to the client sharing health and fitness information to achieve understanding of participation options is called a/an:
Informed consent.
Explanation:
An informed consent is a written document that conveys health and fitness information to the client to achieve an understanding regarding his participation options.
64
Which of the following best describes the effect of consuming a surplus amount of nutrients through supplementation?
The body will expend valuable energy resources to excrete them.
Explanation:
Providing more nutrients than the body can use does not provide benefit; it forces cells into using valuable energy resources to excrete the surplus, with the additional risk of developing toxicity reactions.
65
A client packs his work clothes the night before and wears his workout clothes to bed so that he is ready to exercise first thing in the morning. This is an example of:
Stimulus control.
Explanation:
Stimuls control refers to the idea of modifying the environment so that it is conducive to supporting exercise and keeps the client "on track."
66
When should motivational interviewing be used during the initial client consultation?
In the course of helping the client set goals
Explanation:
Motivational interviewing should be used as a tool during coaching so that the client can decide which behavior should be modified.
67
Which of the following statements provides the MOST specific feedback?
"That was excellent. Keep up the good work."
“Good triceps push-down. You're looking stronger."
“Your ankle joint is much more stable."
“Well done. You have improved a lot."
"Your ankle joint is much more stable."
Explanation:
Feedback is not only necessary for effective goal setting, but it has also been identified as an important component of physical activity behavior change and progress.
68
In what way can the EP-C demonstrate interest and compassion?
Make eye contact and take notes.
Explanation:
Making eye contact, exhibiting appropriate facial expressions, and taking notes are some ways to demonstrate interest and compassion.
69
When attempting to establish effective communication, which of the following nonverbal elements is MOST important to the client?
Visual and kinesthetic
Explanation:
Communication is more than just verbal, as it includes nonverbal elements such as visual (what is observed) and kinesthetic (what is felt).
70
Sharing a personal struggle with weight loss is an example of:
Self-disclosure.
Explanation:
Sharing a story with a client about a past struggle you have had is an example of self-disclosure.
71
Which of the following strongly communicates an individual's thoughts and emotional state?
Eye contact
Explanation:
Body language such as posture, eye contact, and facial expressions speak volumes about an individual's thoughts and emotional state.
72
There is conflicting information regarding the impact of the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) on:
Blood pressure.
Explanation:
Conflicting evidence exists regarding the effect of NSAIDs on blood pressure, so hypertensive clients taking NSAIDs are monitored closely.
73
The three primary systems of the body that are activated and affected by stress include the cardiovascular, endocrine, and:
Immune.
Explanation:
When an individual experiences stress, there are three primary systems of the body that are activated and affected: cardiovascular, endocrine, and immune.
74
Evaluation of stressors includes determining coping resources, emotional reaction, and:
Coping self-efficacy.
Explanation:
Appraisal of stressors includes assessing the ability to deal effectively with the resources concerning the burden of stress, known as coping self-efficacy.
75
In social cognitive theory, the most effective way to improve self-efficacy toward physical activity is to:
Focus interventions on ways to achieve the desired behavior.
Explanation:
The focus on interventions should be on what the individual can do to achieve the desired behavior change rather than emphasizing what she cannot do.
76
According to the transtheoretical model, weighing the pros and cons of becoming physically active when moving through the stages of change is called:
Decisional balance.
Explanation:
Receiving a physical activity intervention through the TTM appears to allow individuals to increase their behavioral strategies, cognitive processes, decisional balance, and self-efficacy.
77
According to the CDC, what percentage of adults are more likely to respond to physical activity marketing?
75%
Explanation:
The CDC approximates 25% of all adults in the United States perform no leisure-time physical activity. The remaining 75% of adults are active and more likely to respond to physical activity marketing.
78
The MOST important reasons for maintaining collaborative relationships with health care professionals is to optimize client outcomes and:
Identify risk factors.
Explanation:
Certified Exercise Physiologists must recognize the importance of collaborating with and referring to health care professionals, maintaining open lines of communication to optimize client outcomes and to aid in the identification of risk factors.
79
When creating or adopting an informed consent document, the EP-C should always:
Obtain appropriate legal counsel.
Explanation:
Written consent is preferred over verbal or implied consent. The EP-Cs should always obtain appropriate legal counsel when creating or adopting an informed consent document.
80
The EP-C should share fitness assessment results positively and emphasize:
The baseline results that provide progress measurement over time.
Explanation:
Upon completion of any assessment, if the results can be given immediately the client and the EP-C can begin taking action toward goals. It is important to share the results in a positive manner, emphasizing that the results are a baseline from which to measure progress over time.
81
Which of the following benefits of neuromotor exercise will have the GREATEST impact on self-esteem?
Enhanced body balance
Explanation:
Neuromotor exercise includes balance, coordination, agility, and proprioceptive training. Most adults may gain benefits, especially if participation in recreation or occupational pursuits requires agility and balance.
82
When lacking, which of the following is considered the greatest obstacle to exercise adherence?
Strong support from family and friends
Explanation:
Examples of social barriers include caregiving, especially childcare, lack of social support, and sociocultural barriers, such as cultural values regarding gender roles and accepted behaviors.
83
As it relates to behavior modification, which of the following does NOT require a client to be committed to behavior change?
Transtheoretical model of change
Explanation:
According to the TTM, clients may be in the precontemplation stage in which they are not committed to making any behavior changes as they may not be aware there is a need to do so.
84
According the the Small Changes Model, client goals should be ________.
Linked to their life.
Explanation:
According to the small changes model, goals should be small, (self-selected, measurable, action oriented, linked to your life, and long term).
85
Asking your client to complete a 1-week diary of his activity is a strategy used as part of which of the following?
Small Changes Model
Explanation:
According to the small changes model, goals should be small (self-selected, measurable, action oriented, linked to your life, and long term).
86
Which individual is MOST likely to adhere to a given physical activity program?
A middle-aged man who has prehypertension but believes he has personal control over his health
Explanation:
Individuals who believe they are able to directly influence their fitness and health are more likely to modify behavior.
87
Which of the following is an example of instrumental support?
A friend offering to pick up your client's dry cleaning to give your client more time to work out
Explanation:
Instrumental support may involve help with childcare, household duties, or costs to participate in exercise programs.
88
Which of the following helps facilitate goals that a client is intrinsically enthusiastic about?
Motivational interviewing
Explanation:
Certified Exercise Physiologists should ask about the client's goals to get specific responses and timelines. Motivational interviewing techniques help clients set goals that are intrinsically-motivated.
89
What is the best cue to give someone who locks his knees during a squat?
"Make sure to always keep a slight bend in your knees."
Explanation:
Constant use of the word "don't" sounds negative and pejorative.
90
________ is/are believed to be more reliable and essential to understanding another person than ________.
Nonverbal cues; speech
Explanation:
Although speech is generally important for communication, emotions are often communicated via nonverbal cues.
91
Which of the following can BEST help promote exercise adherence?
Online and print newsletters
Explanation:
Certified Exercise Physiologists are encouraged to creatively utilize innovations in digital technology to help their clients adhere to exercise.
92
Leaders tend to focus on preventing problems or conflict. Managers focus on:
Solving existing problems or conflicts.
Explanation:
Leaders work to prevent conflict or problems, managers work to solve existing conflict or problems.
93
In the theory of planned behavior, intention reflects an individual's:
Level of motivation.
Explanation:
According to the TPB, intention directly reflects the individual's level of motivation (willingness and amount of effort exerted) to perform the desired behavior.
94
Although the terms "theory" and "model" are sometimes used interchangeably, they differ in that a model:
Depicts a behavior or situation hypothetically.
Explanation:
A model is defined as a hypothetical depiction of a behavior or situation.
95
Visual, kinesthetic, and auditory are all types of:
Learning modes.
Explanation:
Learning modes include auditory, visual, and kinesthetic.
96
A specific type of listening that demonstrates complete comprehension of the message through undivided attention and repeating the message back to the speaker is called:
Active listening.
Explanation:
Active listening involves listening with undivided attention, and repeating back to the speaker the message that was heard to ensure accuracy of interpretation.
97
Which type of goals should be avoided when creating a SMART goal?
Broad
Explanation:
Specific goals target specific behaviors and include a detailed plan; making a behavior plan is more likely to be implemented than setting a broad or vague goal.
98
Which of the following affects behavior change as it relates to the health belief model?
Education
Explanation:
Education is considered an important tool in the health belief model. Understanding how a client's health is affected by specific behaviors may be a strong impetus for change.
99
When working with clients in a special population, you should:
Provide them with initial positive experiences to promote adherence and lower mortality risk.
Explanation:
Programming goals to create a positive experience optimizes effectiveness and adherence.
100
Which of the following is ideal for building rapport?
Maintain good and appropriate eye contact.
Explanation:
One of the most important fundamental components of a successful intervention is rapport, which includes appropriate and good eye contact.
101
Sharing a personal struggle with weight loss is an example of:
Self-disclosure.
Explanation:
Sharing a story with a client about a past struggle you have had is an example of self-disclosure.
102
When used on a regular basis, which of the following promotes exercise adherence?
Online journaling
Explanation:
There is strong evidence that journaling has a positive impact on exercise adherence and well-being by reducing stress, clarifying thoughts, and problem solving.
103
The exercise impact of the use of digitalis by clients with congestive heart failure is:
Increased exercise capacity.
Explanation:
Digitalis typically increases exercise capacity in the CHF patient.
104
Your client on a regimen of statins tells you her doctor diagnosed her with rhabdomyolysis. The impact to her exercise prescription includes increased exercise recovery time or:
Lower exercise intensities.
Explanation:
When a condition referred to as rhabdomyolysis is thought to be present, clients may need increased recovery time or lower exercise intensities.
105
Which of the following prescription drugs have little effect on HR and no direct impact on exercise capacity or exercise prescription?
Niacin
Explanation:
Nitrates and cholesterol-lowering drugs tend to have very little effect on HR and contractility and thus have no direct impact on exercise capacity or prescription.
106
Over-the-counter cold and flu medications can impact blood pressure if they contain some form of:
Ephedrine.
Explanation:
OTC cold and flu medications often contain some form of ephedrine that has been shown to increase systemic blood pressure.
107
Cortisol, a hormone released in response to stress, over time can increase risk of cardiovascular disease and:
Type 2 diabetes.
Explanation:
High concentrations of cortisol in the blood over time can increase the risks of Type 2 diabetes and CVD.
108
Stress-related changes to blood composition over the long term promote the development of:
Atherosclerosis.
Explanation:
Changes in blood composition promote elevated blood lipid levels that over time promote the development and growth of plaque in the arteries, or atherosclerosis.
109
The Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study has demonstrated that more physically fit individuals have reduced risk of cardiovascular disease and:
Mortality.
Explanation:
Data from the ACLS has demonstrated that higher levels of objectively measured physical fitness are associated with reduced risk of CVD mortality.
110
In the communication process, listening is:
As important as speaking.
Explanation:
Listening is as important as speaking in the communication process.
111
To make people feel secure and motivated to succeed requires both management skills and:
Leadership.
Explanation:
Per the relationship matrix for the integration of leadership and management, the EP-C should be able to manage a facility and lead people.
112
The preferred method of communication toward behavior change is:
Based on each person's preference for style of feedback.
Explanation:
Clients vary in their responsiveness to feedback, therefore assessing each person's preference for style of feedback rather than resorting to a one-size-fits-all response is critical.
113
Understanding demographic, psychographic, and physical activity attributes of potential customers enables the EP-C to employ deliberate marketing strategies and:
Build sustainable relationships.
Explanation:
Understanding potential fitness customers allows the EP-C to both employ deliberate marketing strategies and build sustainable relationships.
114
Your client sets a goal of losing 25 pounds before her high school reunion in a month. An appropriate response would be:
"That's a specific and time-bound goal. Let's talk about how realistic that goal is within the time frame."
Explanation:
SMART goals are specific, measurable, attainable, realistic, and time-bound.
115
Some of the most important work of the EP-C is establishing rapport, creating a comfortable environment, and:
Inspiring client motivation.
Explanation:
Laying the groundwork for the initial client consultation includes some of the most important work of the EP-C profession: building rapport, creating a comfortable and welcoming environment, and inspiring motivation in a client.
116
Which of the following is ideal for promoting exercise adherence?
Support behavior change strategies using Web-based tools
Explanation:
Web-based tools can be used to support behavior change strategies such as overcoming barriers, goal setting, self-monitoring, and accessing social support.
117
Which of the following is the most appropriate time to incorporate stress management techniques?
During the cool-down.
Explanation:
Stress management techniques are most appropriate during the cool down after an exercise session since the focus is on recovery.
118
The EP-C should consult with a child’s medical team and become familiar with the specific exercise recommendations for which of the following conditions?
Asthma
Explanation:
Although most children are healthy, EP-Cs may encounter children with health issues or disabilities such as asthma, Type 1 diabetes, or cerebral palsy. In this situation, EP-Cs should consult with the child's medical team and familiarize themselves with the specific exercise recommendations for the disease or disability present in that child.
119
A key area of education that the EP-C should focus on with clients is:
Proper breathing technique.
Explanation:
Proper breathing technique is an important area for client education for safety reasons.
120
When attempting to establish effective communication, which of the following nonverbal elements is MOST important to the client?
Visual and kinesthetic
Explanation:
Communication is more than just verbal, as it includes nonverbal elements such as visual (what is observed) and kinesthetic (what is felt).
121
Breathing exercises are one method of managing stress because:
Breathing properly increases oxygen in the blood, which improves circulation.
Explanation:
Breathing properly is relaxing, in part because it increases the amount of oxygen in the blood. Oxygen plays a key role in supplying energy to the body's muscles, and good circulation facilitates the removal of waste products from the tissues. (www.acsm.org/access-public-information/articles/2012/02/02/stress-management-for-the-modern-adult)
122
Which of the following is recommended for teaching clients proper for form for an exercise?
1) Using hands-on adjustments each time.
2) Demonstrating an exercise at least twice.
3) Using a set-up phase prior to the exercise.
4) Describing proper form in detail.
Using a set-up phase prior to the exercise.
Explanation:
A good technique for teaching clients proper form is to have a set-up phase prior to the performance of each exercise.
123
Which of the following methods is most appropriate for clients who are having difficulty with proper positioning?
Right/wrong
Explanation:
The right/wrong method helps clients understand what they are doing wrong and how to correct it.
124
Which of the following BEST promotes exercise adherence with a new client?
Sending text messages that provide feedback following training sessions
Explanation:
Sending text messages appropriately can be used to support behavior change strategies such as overcoming barriers, goal setting, self-monitoring, and accessing social support.
125
There is conflicting information regarding the impact of the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) on:
Blood pressure.
Explanation:
Conflicting evidence exists regarding the effect of NSAIDs on blood pressure, so hypertensive clients taking NSAIDs are monitored closely.
126
The exercise impact of the use of digitalis by clients with congestive heart failure is:
Increased exercise capacity.
Explanation:
Digitalis typically increases exercise capacity in the CHF patient.
127
Which of the following prescription drugs have little effect on HR and no direct impact on exercise capacity or exercise prescription?
Niacin
Explanation:
Nitrates and cholesterol-lowering drugs tend to have very little effect on HR and contractility and thus have no direct impact on exercise capacity or prescription.
128
Your new youth client, age 11, doesn't meet the required minimum level of cardiovascular exercise. The best way to proceed is:
Gradually increase activity intensity and duration until minimum levels are achieved.
Explanation:
For youth who do not meet the guidelines for activity, both intensity and duration should be progressed gradually until the minimum levels are achieved.
129
Although the terms "theory" and "model" are sometimes used interchangeably, they differ in that a model:
Depicts a behavior or situation hypothetically.
Explanation:
A model is defined as a hypothetical depiction of a behavior or situation.
130
As it relates to behavior modification, which of the following does NOT require a client to be committed to behavior change?
Transtheoretical model of change
Explanation:
According to the TTM, clients may be in the precontemplation stage in which they are not committed to making any behavior changes as they may not be aware there is a need to do so.
131
According the the Small Changes Model, client goals should be ________.
Linked to their life.
Explanation:
According to the small changes model, goals should be small, (self-selected, measurable, action oriented, linked to your life, and long term).
132
Which of the following helps facilitate goals that a client is intrinsically enthusiastic about?
Motivational interviewing
Explanation:
Certified Exercise Physiologists should ask about the client's goals to get specific responses and timelines. Motivational interviewing techniques help clients set goals that are intrinsically-motivated.
133
Which of the following is an element of active listening?
Observing nonverbal cues
Explanation:
Other than spoken statements, observing nonverbal cues is an important skill required for active listening.
134
Some of the most important work of the EP-C is establishing rapport, creating a comfortable environment, and:
Inspiring client motivation.
Explanation:
Laying the groundwork for the initial client consultation includes some of the most important work of the EP-C profession: building rapport, creating a comfortable and welcoming environment, and inspiring motivation in a client.
135
Sharing a personal struggle with weight loss is an example of:
Self-disclosure.
Explanation:
Sharing a story with a client about a past struggle you have had is an example of self-disclosure.
136
Using a behavior contract is one strategy that may be implemented when the client demonstrates a need for:
Extrinsic motivation.
Explanation:
Extrinsic motivation is the type of motivation that comes from an external source such as a behavioral contract or agreement.
137
A client with hypertension begins taking diuretics prescribed by his physician. The resulting increased water excretion may impact HR in which way?
Increased resting and submaximal HR
Explanation:
Increased water excretion associated with diuretics may result in an increased resting and submaximal HR.
138
The different categories or types of stress include distress and:
Eustress.
Explanation:
There are different categories or types of stress, namely eustress and distress.
139
The two ergogenic aids shown to clearly improve a person's capacity to perform better are:
Water and carbohydrates.
Explanation:
Ergogenic aids have not typically been tested for either effectiveness or safety. With the exception of carbohydrates and water, there is little evidence to suggest that other substances do anything to improve performance.
140
Which of the following benefits of neuromotor exercise will have the GREATEST impact on self-esteem?
Enhanced body balance
Explanation:
Neuromotor exercise includes balance, coordination, agility, and proprioceptive training. Most adults may gain benefits, especially if participation in recreation or occupational pursuits requires agility and balance.
141
The saying "if in doubt, refer out" means:
EP-Cs should refer clients to health care professionals in situations where they are unsure if a referral is needed.
Explanation:
Certified Exercise Physiologists who provide services outside their scope of practice put themselves and their clients at risk; if in doubt as to whether or not a client should be referred to another health care professional before working with them, EP-Cs should be cautious and refer them first.
142
A new client was recently diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes. She has been cleared to exercise with the EP-C. Which of the following recommendations is most appropriate?
Strength training intensity should initially utilize 8-12 repetitions per set.
Explanation:
Type 1 diabetic patients should be referred to exercise professionals with more specialized training to prescribe and monitor exercise.
143
Which of the following provides emotional support for a new client?
Having family and friends encourage regular attendance
Explanation:
Social support is an important predictor of exercise adherence and includes four types of support: (1) emotional, (2) tangible, (3) informational, and (4) appraisal.
144
Which of the following affects behavior change as it relates to the health belief model?
Education
Explanation:
Education is considered an important tool in the health belief model. Understanding how a client's health is affected by specific behaviors may be a strong impetus for change.
145
Understanding demographic, psychographic, and physical activity attributes of potential customers enables the EP-C to employ deliberate marketing strategies and:
Build sustainable relationships.
Explanation:
Understanding potential fitness customers allows the EP-C to both employ deliberate marketing strategies and build sustainable relationships.
146
A new client was recently diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes. She has been cleared to exercise with the EP-C. Which of the following recommendations is most appropriate?
Strength training intensity should initially utilize 8-12 repetitions per set.
Explanation:
Type 1 diabetic patients should be referred to exercise professionals with more specialized training to prescribe and monitor exercise.
147
Which of the following provides emotional support for a new client?
Having family and friends encourage regular attendance
Explanation:
Social support is an important predictor of exercise adherence and includes four types of support: (1) emotional, (2) tangible, (3) informational, and (4) appraisal.
148
Using a behavior contract is one strategy that may be implemented when the client demonstrates a need for:
Extrinsic motivation.
Explanation:
Extrinsic motivation is the type of motivation that comes from an external source such as a behavioral contract or agreement.
149
Which of the following benefits of neuromotor exercise will have the GREATEST impact on self-esteem?
Enhanced body balance
Explanation:
Neuromotor exercise includes balance, coordination, agility, and proprioceptive training. Most adults may gain benefits, especially if participation in recreation or occupational pursuits requires agility and balance.
150
The two ergogenic aids shown to clearly improve a person's capacity to perform better are:
Water and carbohydrates.
Explanation:
Ergogenic aids have not typically been tested for either effectiveness or safety. With the exception of carbohydrates and water, there is little evidence to suggest that other substances do anything to improve performance.
151
The different categories or types of stress include distress and:
Eustress.
Explanation:
There are different categories or types of stress, namely eustress and distress.
152
A client with hypertension begins taking diuretics prescribed by his physician. The resulting increased water excretion may impact HR in which way?
Increased resting and submaximal HR
Explanation:
Increased water excretion associated with diuretics may result in an increased resting and submaximal HR.
153
In the contextual intelligence leadership model, the _____________ convinces others to see different points of view by managing conflict and creating win-win situations.
Consensus builder
Explanation:
The consensus builder exhibits interpersonal skill and convinces other people to see the common good or a different point of view for the sake of the organizational mission or values by using listening skills, managing conflict, and creating win-win situations.
154
To best encourage physical activity in children, activity must be fun and:
Intermittent.
Explanation:
The EP-C should realize that activity for children must be fun and intermittent for a child to perform it and enjoy it.
155
The 2007 update to an ACSM/CDC recommendation for activity focused on the frequency recommendation; instead of "most, preferably all, days of the week," the update was changed to:
5 days each week.
Explanation:
The updated 2007 position statement clarifies the 1995 recommendation to change the frequency recommendation for moderate-intensity PA to "5 days each week."
156
Your client wants to be physically active to lose weight and reduce stress. Her motivation can best be characterized as:
Extrinsic.
Explanation:
An extrinsically motivated individual would engage in physical activity for reasons such as weight control and stress reduction.
157
A specific type of listening that demonstrates complete comprehension of the message through undivided attention and repeating the message back to the speaker is called:
Active listening.
Explanation:
Active listening involves listening with undivided attention, and repeating back to the speaker the message that was heard to ensure accuracy of interpretation.
158
When lacking, which of the following is considered the greatest obstacle to exercise adherence?
Strong support from family and friends
Explanation:
Examples of social barriers include caregiving, especially childcare, lack of social support, and sociocultural barriers, such as cultural values regarding gender roles and accepted behaviors.
159
Breathing exercises are one method of managing stress because:
Breathing properly increases oxygen in the blood, which improves circulation.
Explanation:
Breathing properly is relaxing, in part because it increases the amount of oxygen in the blood. Oxygen plays a key role in supplying energy to the body's muscles, and good circulation facilitates the removal of waste products from the tissues. (www.acsm.org/access-public-information/articles/2012/02/02/stress-management-for-the-modern-adult)
160
Which of the following BEST promotes exercise adherence with a new client?
Sending text messages that provide feedback following training sessions
Explanation:
Sending text messages appropriately can be used to support behavior change strategies such as overcoming barriers, goal setting, self-monitoring, and accessing social support.
161
Which of the following can BEST help promote exercise adherence?
Online and print newsletters
Explanation:
Certified Exercise Physiologists are encouraged to creatively utilize innovations in digital technology to help their clients adhere to exercise.
162
The class of prescription drugs used to treat angina that requires minimal concern for exercise response is:
Calcium channel blockers.
Explanation:
CCBs are used for treating HTN and angina, and pose much less concern regarding exercise responses than Beta-blockers.
163
Your diabetic client tells you he thinks he is getting sick and asks which over-the-counter cough medicine is best. You should:
Recommend he avoid any over-the-counter medications that contain alcohol or sugar.
Explanation:
The diabetic patient should avoid any OTCs that contain alcohol or sugar, as they are likely to affect blood glucose levels.
164
Evaluation of stressors includes determining coping resources, emotional reaction, and:
Coping self-efficacy.
Explanation:
Appraisal of stressors includes assessing the ability to deal effectively with the resources concerning the burden of stress, known as coping self-efficacy.
165
According to the Socialecological Model, what can the EP-C do to help make physical activity interventions effective?
Help the client choose new home exercise equipment.
Explanation:
According to the SEM of behavior change, for physical activity interventions to be effective the EP-C must go beyond simple exercise prescriptions and address other factors that influence physical activity behavior choices.
166
In social cognitive theory, the most effective way to improve self-efficacy toward physical activity is to:
Focus interventions on ways to achieve the desired behavior.
Explanation:
The focus on interventions should be on what the individual can do to achieve the desired behavior change rather than emphasizing what she cannot do.
167
According to the transtheoretical model, weighing the pros and cons of becoming physically active when moving through the stages of change is called:
Decisional balance.
Explanation:
Receiving a physical activity intervention through the TTM appears to allow individuals to increase their behavioral strategies, cognitive processes, decisional balance, and self-efficacy.
168
Supportive feedback is critical to convey:
Acceptance.
Explanation:
Important components of communication that facilitate exercise include conveying supportive messages to clients demonstrating acceptance.
169
When creating or adopting an informed consent document, the EP-C should always:
Obtain appropriate legal counsel.
Explanation:
Written consent is preferred over verbal or implied consent. The EP-Cs should always obtain appropriate legal counsel when creating or adopting an informed consent document.
170
Your client states that she enjoys exercising and feeling the "burning sensation" in her muscles. This statement indicates that she learns best through:
Intrinsic motivation.
Explanation:
Cues may be delivered visually, orally, and through touch (tactile cues). In this instance, the client is getting a "feel" for the movement.
171
A potential client meets you with a notebook in hand. He doesn’t talk a lot but asks lots of questions and takes detailed notes during the initial consultation. What type of learner is he most likely to be?
Visual
Explanation:
In this instance, the client demonstrates a preference for visual learning as evidenced by his note taking. Note that most individuals are visual learners.
172
Asking your client to complete a 1-week diary of his activity is a strategy used as part of which of the following?
Small Changes Model
Explanation:
According to the small changes model, goals should be small (self-selected, measurable, action oriented, linked to your life, and long term).
173
According to the CDC, what percentage of adults are more likely to respond to physical activity marketing?
75%
Explanation:
The CDC approximates 25% of all adults in the United States perform no leisure-time physical activity. The remaining 75% of adults are active and more likely to respond to physical activity marketing.
174
The MOST important reasons for maintaining collaborative relationships with health care professionals is to optimize client outcomes and:
Identify risk factors.
Explanation:
Certified Exercise Physiologists must recognize the importance of collaborating with and referring to health care professionals, maintaining open lines of communication to optimize client outcomes and to aid in the identification of risk factors.
175
The class of prescription drugs used to treat angina that requires minimal concern for exercise response is:
Calcium channel blockers.
Explanation:
CCBs are used for treating HTN and angina, and pose much less concern regarding exercise responses than Beta-blockers.
176
Your client wants to be physically active to lose weight and reduce stress. Her motivation can best be characterized as:
Extrinsic.
Explanation:
An extrinsically motivated individual would engage in physical activity for reasons such as weight control and stress reduction.
177
Which of the following is the MOST reliable predictor for exercise participation?
Previous and positive exercise experiences
Explanation:
A client who is intrinsically motivated to exercise (i.e., enjoyment, feeling good) is more apt to demonstrate improvements to her self-worth and to continue exercise participation long term.
178
Which of the following is an example of instrumental support?
A friend offering to pick up your client's dry cleaning to give your client more time to work out
Explanation:
Instrumental support may involve help with childcare, household duties, or costs to participate in exercise programs.
179
Targeting feelings of tension by focusing on specific muscle groups and alternatively tightening/releasing them is called:
Progressive muscle relaxation.
Explanation:
Progressive muscle relaxation is a technique where people learn to control and target their feelings of tension by focusing on certain muscle groups, flexing and then releasing the muscles.
180
Which of the following is required from an ethical and liability standpoint and will also help provide feedback and monitor progress?
Documenting client activities and events
Explanation:
Proper charting is essential; not only from a customer service perspective but also from an ethical and liability standpoint. Documenting all activities and events will help the EP-C provide optimal service while limiting liability risk.
181
Your client wants to be physically active to lose weight and reduce stress. Her motivation can best be characterized as:
Extrinsic.
Explanation:
An extrinsically motivated individual would engage in physical activity for reasons such as weight control and stress reduction.
182
Using a behavior contract is one strategy that may be implemented when the client demonstrates a need for:
Extrinsic motivation.
Explanation:
Extrinsic motivation is the type of motivation that comes from an external source such as a behavioral contract or agreement.
183
In the health belief model of behavior change, the most powerful determinants of health behaviors are the perception of barriers and:
Costs of taking action.
Explanation:
A review of literature shows the most powerful determinants of health behaviors were the perception of barriers and/or the costs of taking action.
184
Supportive feedback is critical to convey:
Acceptance.
Explanation:
Important components of communication that facilitate exercise include conveying supportive messages to clients demonstrating acceptance.
185
In social cognitive theory, the most effective way to improve self-efficacy toward physical activity is to:
Focus interventions on ways to achieve the desired behavior.
Explanation:
The focus on interventions should be on what the individual can do to achieve the desired behavior change rather than emphasizing what she cannot do.
186
Positive feedback is an example of what type of motivation?
Extrinsic
Explanation:
Positive feedback from the EP-C is an example of extrinsic motivation, where the concern may be more about the outcome instead of the process.
187
Your client wants to be physically active to lose weight and reduce stress. Her motivation can best be characterized as:
Extrinsic.
Explanation:
An extrinsically motivated individual would engage in physical activity for reasons such as weight control and stress reduction.
188
In the health belief model of behavior change, the most powerful determinants of health behaviors are the perception of barriers and:
Costs of taking action.
Explanation:
A review of literature shows the most powerful determinants of health behaviors were the perception of barriers and/or the costs of taking action.
189
Which of the following prescription drugs have little effect on HR and no direct impact on exercise capacity or exercise prescription?
Niacin
Explanation:
Nitrates and cholesterol-lowering drugs tend to have very little effect on HR and contractility and thus have no direct impact on exercise capacity or prescription.
190
What is the most commonly used over-the-counter drug for individuals with cardiovascular disease?
Aspirin.
Explanation:
Aspirin, most commonly used for CVD individuals, does not pose any concerns for exercise prescription.
191
Your client is a self-motivated teenager who focuses on achieving her goals; however, she does not like sports or exercise and has come to you for help losing weight. The best way to motivate her in order to build self-efficacy would be to:
Allow her to choose her own activities in order to give her ownership of something she previously did not like.
Explanation:
In order to develop self-efficacy, the client needs to take ownership of her goals by selecting her own types of activity.
192
Which of the following is an example of informational support?
E-mails from health websites about how to incorporate exercise into your client's life
Explanation:
Informational support may include knowledge and skills the EP-C provides clients or information and referrals from the EP-C regarding something that has been read online or in a fitness magazine.
193
In the health belief model of behavior change, the most powerful determinants of health behaviors are the perception of barriers and:
Costs of taking action.
Explanation:
A review of literature shows the most powerful determinants of health behaviors were the perception of barriers and/or the costs of taking action.
194
Approximately 50% of people who start an exercise program will drop out within the first:
6 months.
Explanation:
Approximately 50% of people who begin an exercise program will drop out within the first 6 months.
195
Which of the following best describes active listening?
Listening to verbal and observing nonverbal language
Explanation:
Active listening is a communication form that is described as a set of verbal and nonverbal skills necessary for communication.
196
Which of the following is an appropriate method for helping motivate a client to lose weight?
Provide links to news articles about individuals who have a similar background as your client.
Explanation:
Informational support includes sending e-mails from health websites about how to incorporate exercise into your client's life.
197
The class of prescription drugs used to treat angina that requires minimal concern for exercise response is:
Calcium channel blockers.
Explanation:
CCBs are used for treating HTN and angina, and pose much less concern regarding exercise responses than Beta-blockers.
198
Attenuated heart rate responses that need to be considered when prescribing exercise intensity are common with which of the following medication types?
Beta-Blockers
Explanation:
Beta-Blockers are a common medical treatment that can attenuate HR response and must be considered when prescribing exercise intensity.
199
Which of the following statements is ideal for cueing a client as she performs a squat?
"Be sure to push through your heels."
Explanation:
Remember to phrase all cues positively. Avoid negatively phrased cues or constant use of the word "no" or "don't." In general, it's best to avoid monotonous counting.
200
Relaxation therapies include hypnosis, meditation, and:
Massage.
Explanation:
Massage is an effective method for reducing stress, muscle tension, pain and asthma, as well as boosting immune function.
201
People are more likely to adopt healthy lifestyles and fitness regimens for the long run if they are ________.
Intrinsically motivated
Explanation:
People are more likely to adopt healthy lifestyles and fitness regimens for the long run if they are intrinsically motivated in contrast to being motivated by an extrinsic reward or goal.
202
The right/wrong method of cueing is appropriate for a client having difficulty with which of the following?
Position of neutral pelvis
Explanation:
The right/wrong method is a useful cueing technique where the client is shown the incorrect position and then the correct position.
