Dominance Related Issues

Question 1

Cerebral Asymmetry

Answer 1

Biologic landmark of the human cerebral evolution

asymmetrical control for language

Question 2

Equivalent lesion in right hemisphere

Answer 2

No aphasia

Question 3

Visual-spatial deficits

Answer 3

RH medial functions

Question 4

Hypotheses of cerebral dominance

Answer 4

1. Equipotentiality: both sides of the brain are equally as capable of serving language
2. LH dominance –> diluting effects of RH dominance (left brain becomes more dominant for language around age 5)
3. RH for nonlinguistic functions: right hemisphere takes the lead on nonlinguistic functions previously served by LH
4. LH damage = interruption of nonlinguistic behaviors
5. Intact RH = possible compensatory source in recovery

Question 5

Implicating Theories: The Coarse Coding Hypothesis

Answer 5

Differences: ways of access to semantic representations & ways semantic representations are suppressed

Question 6

Implicating Theories: The LH semantic coding

Answer 6

activating small fields, inhibiting all but central features (brings precision)

Question 7

Implicating Theories: RH Coding

Answer 7

Activation of large semantic fields (brings redundancy – too much info)

Question 8

Implicating Theories: Suppression Deficit Hypothesis

Answer 8

Reconciliation of multiple meaning hampered due to impaired suppressive strategy (activation of multiple representations for words)

Question 9

Implicating Theories: Cognitive Resource Hypothesis

Answer 9

Attentional allocation and task demand

RD patients falter on high concentration tasks

Question 10

Methods to study dominance

Answer 10

lesion-to-stroke data, dichotic listening, tachistoscopic data, commissurotomy

Question 11

Visual-Tactile association

Answer 11

right hemisphere can match and identify objects through touch

Question 12

RH recognition, but no naming

Answer 12

patient can read the word “nut” and he will pick up a nut, but cannot say the word

Question 13

Left Brain

Answer 13

right visual field, left olfaction, speech, writing, main language center, calculation

Question 14

Right Brain

Answer 14

Right olfaction, spatial abilities, simple language comprehension, nonverbal ideation, left visual field

Question 15

RH Cog-Communication Profile

characteristics if someone has a lesion in the right brain

Answer 15

Disorders of contextually-based communication from disturbed underlying cognitive, perceptual, and pragmatic processes

1. copious output with poor communication
2. superficial treatment of information/question
3. breakdown on communicative demands
4. inappropriate verbal output on careful scrutiny
5. often confabulatory speech
6. literal interpretation of question
7. irrelevant/excessive details

Question 16

RH communication profile (if lesioned)

Answer 16

1. Reduced emotions, melodies, pitch contours, creative language functions
2. No organized information, isolation of salient points, or integration of crucial information
3. Addresses to but no answer
4. Elusive nature of the deficit

Question 17

Nonlanguage functions of the right brain

Answer 17

1. Visual functions: recognition of visual stimuli, image generation, mental rotation, visual-spatial attributes
2. Block designs
3. Tactile-Visual orientation
4. Reproduction (copying, memorization of graphic stimuli, Figure of Rey)
5. Visual-Spatial Orientation (spatial object/shape placement, location relationship, map reading, reading/writing deficits –> no space, spelling errors, additional strokes, extra capitalization)
6. Orientation to time
7. Musical Processing (Naive -RH-vs. Experienced -LH- subjects)
8. Attention
9. Visual Inattention/neglect
10. Affection/Emotion
11. Pragmatics

Question 18

Non-language functions of RH: Musical Processing

Answer 18

Naive subjects vs. Experienced Subjects

1. Naive: RH for processing & identification, pitch & melody, dichotic listening, familiar melodies
2. Experienced: analytic approach, LH for expression and information processing

Question 19

Non-language functions of RH: Attention

Answer 19

RH: Neural circuitry for both extra-personal spaces (why there is only left neglect with RH lesion, but never right neglect)
LH: Circuitry for contralateral space (still can access other side because right hemisphere will cover it)

Question 20

Divided attention

Answer 20

Executive control

Question 21

Selective attention

Answer 21

Thalamo-cortical

Question 22

Non-language functions of RH: Visual attention/neglect

Answer 22

unilateral spatial neglect, not interested in events on one side, ignorance of people on affected side, fail to carry out basic self-care tasks, dramatic recover - 85% within 3 days

Question 23

Affection/Emotion representation in both hemispheres

Answer 23

RH association with experience and expression of negative emotions. Lesion diminishes negative affection (inappropriate jocularity and lack of concerns)

LH association with positive emotions. Lesion = display of catastrophic reactions (anxiety, tears) to failures

Question 24

Right hemisphere lesion –> prosody, stress, intonation

Answer 24

flat in tone, lack of facial expression/gestures, apathy indifferent reaction, impaired sensitivity to moods in pictures

Question 25

RH lesion Pragmatic Functions

Answer 25

Insensitive to turn taking, eye contact, context sensitive language, gestures-coverbal properties

Question 26

Paralinguistic Tasks

Answer 26

Jokes, Metaphors, Idioms

Question 27

Eliott Ross' Work: looked at prosody of a variety of patients

Answer 27

Inadequate consideration of paralinguistic functions Prosody: intonation, melody, pauses, stress, accents, attitudes Dyprosody: Parkinson's Hyperprosody: Manic patients Hypoprosody: Broca's aphasics

Question 28

Kinesis

Answer 28

study of limb, body and facial movements with nonverbal communication

Question 29

Pantomimes

Answer 29

``` referential purposes (LH property) motions with meaning ```

Question 30

Gestures

Answer 30

non referential - enhance communicative content (don't carry, but add meaning)

Question 31

Goodglass and Kaplan ideas regarding Kinesics

Answer 31

1. pantomime decoding disorders in aphasics with incomprehension is due to general inability to comprehend symbols 2. difficulty in the execution of pantomimes in aphasics with no comprehension disorders 3. due to idea-motor apraxia

Question 32

Diagnosis of RH lesion/damage

Answer 32

No RH sensitive task •No literal language deficit •True deficit -on complex tasks •Testing for: Meaningful organization, Impulsive responses, Trivial details, Differentiation between imp/trivia inf., Assimilation of contextual cues, Depersonalization of events, Literal interpretations to figurative language, Sensitivity pragmatic/context aspects

Question 33

Components of Evaluations

Answer 33

1. Spontaneous use of affection 2. Prosodic Content: expression of affective prosody, comprehension of affective prosody 3. Visual comprehension of gestural components 4. Nonverbal reasoning Ask: What makes a joke funny, what example similes/metaphors mean, to read sentences while looking for prosody, ask for the meaning of sentences based on the stress patterns, ask to read sentences with suitable emotion

Question 34

Aphasia in Deaf Signers

Answer 34

sign language & verbal language are two DIFFERENT modes of communication Interplay between: linguistic and spatial/visual functions (different hemispheric specialization for each process)

Question 35

Linguistic Nature of ASL

Answer 35

1. Hand configurations, facial expressions, and shifting of body positions 2. Phonological Code (obeys the physical constraints on motor gestures related with word formation) 3. Internal morphology (Packs many morphologically salient units into a single lexical item tied to language modality) 4. Complex Syntax (spatially organized) 5. Additional attributes (Classifier, verbs, motion, and distinctive location of signs)

Question 36

Cerebral Dominance relating to static and dynamic stimuli

Answer 36

RH dominance for static signs (LH advantage in hearing subjects) Changing pattern of cerebral dominance on computer generated moving signs (shift from the RH)

Question 37

RH lesions in deaf signers

Answer 37

Signers with RH lesion 1. no aphasia 2. fluent, grammatical, error free signing 3. impaired processing of non-language spatial tasks (drawing, lock designs, attention to visual space, line orientation, facial recognition, and visual closures)

Question 38

RH in signers

Answer 38

Dominance for non-language visual-spatial functions

Question 39

Aphasia in signers with LH lesion

Answer 39

3 case studies PD (Wernicke's aphasia) 1. fluent-type sign aphasia 2. long strings of motorically facile signs 3. exhibited impaired morphology and syntax 4. preserved phonology and lexical sign properties KL (Wenicke's aphasia) 1. long strings of signs effortlessly 2. wide range of syntactic morphological signs 3. phonological impairments making frequent errors in selection of correct hand configuration, place and movement GD 1. grossly impaired sign output 2. nonfluent signing reduced to single sign utterances 3. largely referential signs without any of the required grammatical and syntactic markings

Question 40

Extraverbal

Answer 40

accompanying and/or replacing speech

Question 41

Pantomime

Answer 41

deliberate use of body/manual movements to convey a message

Question 42

Coverbal or Paraverbal

Answer 42

Behaviors accompanying speech: facial expressions, gestures

Question 43

Aphasia (pantomime)

Answer 43

impairment of pantomimic expressions and recognition

Question 44

Paraverbal behavior in aphasia

Answer 44

gestures/facial expressions: generally spared in aphasia | *usually with RH lesion