Don't use (Unit 2 - Tissues) Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 4 broad categories of tissues?
A
Epithelial
Connective
Neural
Muscular
2
Q
3 types of tissue sections
A
Longitudinal
Cross section or transverse section
Oblique section
3
Q
2 non-sectioned preparations
A
Smear
Spread
4
Q
How do the four primary tissues differ from one another?
A
Cells
Matrix (extracellular material)
Space occupied by cells vs. matrix
5
Q
What is the matrix (extracellular material) composed of?
A
Fibrous proteins
Gel
6
Q
What does human development begin as?
A
A single cell - fertilized egg. First tissues appear when cells start to organize themselves into layers
7
Q
3 primary germ layers
A
Ectoderm
Endoderm
Mesoderm
8
Q
Outer germ layer
A
Ectoderm
9
Q
Inner germ layer
A
Endoderm
10
Q
Middle germ layer
A
Mesoderm
11
Q
2 epithelial tissues
A
Epithelia
Glands
12
Q
What do epithelial tissues’ basement membrane’s contain (3)?
A
Collagen
Laminin and fibronectin
Heparin sulfate
13
Q
What do epithelial tissues’ basement membrane do?
A
Anchors epithelium to connective tissue
14
Q
What are the two surfaces of the basement membrane on epithelial tissues?
A
Basal surface
Apical surface
15
Q
5 characteristics of epithelial tissue
A
Cellularity Polarity Attachment Avascularity Regeneration
16
Q
4 functions of epithelial tissue
A
Provide physical protection
Control permeability
Provide sensation
Produce specialized secretion
17
Q
3 ways epithelia maintain integrity
A
Intercellular connections
Attachment to basal lamina
Maintenance and repair
18
Q
3 cell junctions at intercellular connections of epithelia
A
Tight junctions
Gap junctions
Desmosomes
19
Q
Adjacent cells bound together by fusion of outer phospholipid layer of plasma membranes
A
Tight junction
20
Q
Patch that holds cells together – resists mechanical stress
A
Desmosomes
21
Q
What do hemidesmosomes do?
A
Anchor basal cells of epithelium to underlying basement membrane
22
Q
Formed by a ring-like connexon – ions, glucose, amino acids, and other solutes pass from one cell to next
A
Gap junctions
23
Q
What makes up a tight junction? (3)
A
Plasma membrane
Membrane protein
Intercellular space
24
Q
What makes up a desmosome? (5)
A
Intermediate filaments Glycoprotein Protein plaque Intercellular space Plasma membrane
25
What makes up a gap junction? (2)
Pore
| Connexon
26
What is a basal lamina composed of? (2)
Lamina lucida
| Lamina densa
27
3 components of a simple epithelium
Contains 1 layer of cells. Named by shape of cells. All cells touch the basement membrane.
28
3 components of a stratified epithelium
Contains more than one layer of cells. Named by shape of apical cells. Some cells rest on top of others and do not touch the basement membrane.
29
4 types of simple epithelia
Simple squamous
Simple cuboidal
Simple columnar
Pseudostratified columnar
30
4 types of stratified epithelia
Stratified squamous
Stratified cuboidal
Stratified columnar
Transitional epithelium
31
Two kinds of stratified squamous epithelia
Keratinized
| Nonkeratinized
32
What happens to the deepest layers of stratified epithelia?
Undergo continuous mitosis
33
Where does tattoo ink get injected below?
The basement membrane
34
7 functions of connective tissues
```
Support
Protection
Immune function
Movement
Storage
Heat production
Transport
```
35
Connective tissues: structural framework of body through bones and cartilage
Support
36
Connective tissues: cranium, ribs, sternum, protect delicate organs
Protection
37
Connective tissues: white blood cells attack foreign invaders
Immune function
38
Connective tissues: bones provide lever system
Movement
39
Connective tissues: fat, calcium, phosphorous
Storage
40
Connective tissues: metabolism of brown fat in infants
Heat production
41
Connective tissues: fluids and dissolved material throughout body
Transport
42
9 cell types in fibrous connective tissue
```
Fibroblasts
Macrophages
Leukocytes (WBC)
Plasma cells
Mast cells
Adipocytes
Mesenchymal cells
Melanocytes
Microphages
```
43
What do fibroblasts produce?
Fibers and ground substance
44
Wat do macrophages do?
Phagocytize foreign material and activate immune system when sense foreign matter (antigens)
45
What do plasma cells synthesize?
Disease fighting antibodies
46
Where are mast cells found?
Alongside blood vessels
47
What do adipocytes store?
Triglycerides
48
3 Fiber Types in Fibrous Connective Tissue
Collagenous
Reticular
Elastic
49
What are collagenous fibers?
most abundant of the body’s proteins – 25%
| tough, flexible, and resist stretching
50
What are reticular fibers?
thin collagen fibers coated with glycoprotein
| form framework of such organs as spleen and lymph nodes
51
What are elastic fibers?
thinner than collagenous fibers
| allows stretch and recoil
52
3 Fluid Components of Fibrous Connective Tissue
Glycosaminoglycans (GAG)
Proteoglycan
Adhesive glycoproteins
53
What are glycosaminoglycans (GAG)?
play important role of regulating water and electrolyte balance in the tissues
54
What are glycosaminoglycans (GAG) composed of?
chondroitin sulfate
| hyaluronic acid
55
What does hyaluronic acid lubricate?
Joints
56
What is proteoglycan?
structural bond between cells and extracellular macromolecules
57
What do adhesive glycoproteins bind?
Components of tissues together
58
2 Types of Fibrous Connective Tissue
Loose connective
| Dense connective
59
What are the two types of loose connective tissue?
Areolar
| Reticular
60
What are the two types of dense connective tissues?
Dense regular connective tissue
| Dense irregular connective tissue
61
What are the 4 elements of areolar tissue?
Ground substance
Elastic fibers
Collagenous fibers
Fibroblasts
62
What is areolar tissue?
Loosely organized fibers, abundant blood vessels, and empty space
63
What does areolar tissue underly?
All epithelia, in serous membranes, between muscles, passageways for nerves and blood vessels
64
Collections of specialized cells with specific functions
Tissues
65
The study of tissues
Histology
66
What does epithelial tissue line?
Digestive, respiratory, urinary and reproductive tracts. Also, fluid or gas-filled internal cavities and passageways such as the chest cavity, inner surfaces of blood vessels and chambers of heart.
67
Cells are tightly bound together by cell junctions
Cellularity
68
The structural and functional differences between the exposed (apical) and attached (basal) surfaces of the tissue.
Polarity
69
The base of the epithelia is bound to a basal lamina or basement membrane.
Attachment
70
Epithelia are avascular (lacking blood vessels)
Avascularity
71
A high rate of cell replacement by stem cells in the epithelium.
Regeneration
72
What do the apical surfaces of cells lining internal passageways have on their surfaces?
Microvilli which increase surface area to aid in absorption, secretion and transport
73
What moves fluids across the surface of the epithelium?
Cilia
74
What does cilia in the respiratory tract move?
Mucus, containing particles such as smoke, out of the lungs
75
What are neuroepithelia specialized for?
The sensations of smell, taste, sight, equilibrium, and hearing.
76
In glandular epithelium, what do most cells produce?
Secretions
77
Individual epithelial cells may be specialized for: (3)
Movement of fluid over epithelial surface (protection or lubrication).
Movement of fluid through the epithelium (permeability).
Production of secretions (protection or chemical messengers).
78
3 factors make the epithelium an effective barrier:
intercellular connections, attachment to basal lamina, and maintenance and repair.
79
Connections between large areas of opposing cell membranes are formed by...?
Transmembrane proteins called cell adhesion molecules (CAMs).
80
Adjacent cell membranes may be bonded by a thin layer of proteoglycans called...?
Intercellular cement
81
Specialized areas of attachment between cells
Cell junctions
82
What is a squamous cell shape?
Simple squamous epithelium is thin and flat. Only 1 layer thick, it is the most delicate epithelium. It is found in smooth, protected areas where absorption or exchange takes place (linings of lungs, blood vessels).
83
What is a cuboidal cell shape?
Square
84
What is a columnar cell shape?
Tall
85
How are epithelia sorted into categories?
By cell shape and number of cell layers
86
simple squamous epithelium lining ventral body cavities (pleura, peritoneum, pericardium).
Mesothelium
87
simple squamous epithelium lining heart and blood vessels.
Endothelium
88
What do the stratified squamous epithelium line?
The mouth, esophagus, and anus
89
2 types of cuboidal epithelia
Simple
| Stratified
90
Where does simple cuboidal epithelium occur?
Where secretion or absorption takes place (e.g. lining of kidney tubules).
91
Where are stratified cuboidal epithelium found?
Ducts of sweat glands and mammary glands
92
What do transitional epithelia tolerate?
repeated cycles of stretching without damage (e.g. urinary bladder)
93
Why is transitional epithelia called "transitional"?
cell layers change appearance (from stratified to simple) as they stretch.
94
3 types of columnar epithelia
Simple
Psueodstratified
Stratified
95
cells, or collections of cells, specialized for secretions ranging from sweat to hormones.
Glands
96
What do endocrine glands release?
hormonal secretions into interstitial fluids.
97
What do hormones control?
Specific tissues, organs, and organ systems
98
2 examples of endocrine glands
Thyroid gland
| Pituitary gland
99
Do endocrine glands have ducts?
No
100
What do exocrine glands release?
secretions into ducts which carry the secretions onto an epithelial surface such as the skin, or an internal passageway that communicates with the outside environment.
101
4 examples of exocrine secretions
digestive enzymes, sweat, tears and milk.
102
3 methods of glandular secretion
merocrine, apocrine, and holocrine.
103
Most common glandular secretion
Merocrine
104
Example of a merocrine secretion
Sweat gland
105
How are merocrine secretions released?
From secretory vesicles by exocytosis
106
What happens during apocrine secretion?
part of the cell cytoplasm is released along with the secretory product.
107
Example of apocrine secretion
Mammary glands
108
What secretions does milk production involve?
Apocrine and merocrine secretions
109
What does holocrine secretion do?
Fills a gland cell and causes it to burst, killing the cell
110
Example of holocrine secretion
Sebaceous glands which produces oil in hair follicles
111
What must replace holocrine cells?
Stem-cell division
112
3 types of secretions from exocrine glands
Watery secretions
Mucins
Serous and mucous secretions
113
2 potential structures of exocrine glands
Unicellular
| Multicellular
114
What are the only unicellular exocrine glands?
Goblet cells, which secrete mucins
