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Anatomy and Physiology I > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Information that can be independently verified by a trained person

A

Scientific fact

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2
Q

Generalization about the predictable way matter and energy behave; results from inductive reasoning and repeated observations

A

Law of nature

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3
Q

An explanatory statement or set of statements derived from facts, laws, and confirmed hypotheses

A

Theory

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4
Q

Change in genetic composition of a population of organisms

A

Evolution

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5
Q

What is the closest relative to humans? What is the % of DNA difference?

A

Chimpanzees; 1.6%

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6
Q

What are the 9 characteristics of living organisms?

A 
Responsiveness
Adaptability
Growth and development
Reproduction
Movement and locomotion
Respiration
Circulation
Digestion 
Excretion
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7
Q

Refers to the ability of an organism to detect changes either within itself or the environment surrounding it and then react to these changes

A

Responsiveness

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8
Q

Changes the organism’s behavior, capabilities, or structure; required for survival in a constantly changing world.

A

Adaptability

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9
Q

Inherited patterns for increase in size (without important changes to its general shape) and changes in structure and function that produce the characteristics of the organism’s species

A

Growth and development

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10
Q

The process of making the next generation of the organism. It also discusses the process whereby cells can produce others like themselves to take the place of damaged or destroyed cells

A

Reproduction

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11
Q

The ability to self-initiate position changes of either the entire organism or a part of the organism, externally from place to place and/or internally, such as in peristalsis.

A

Movement and locomotion

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12
Q

The process of obtaining oxygen, using the obtained oxygen in release of energy from foods, and removing waste gases that are produced in the process; usually refers to O2 absorption required for chemical processes that release energy in a usable form) and CO2 release (as a waste product).

A

Respiration

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13
Q

Movement of fluid within the organism; may involve a pump and a network of special vessels; provides an internal distribution network

A

Circulation

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14
Q

The chemical change of ingested foods into simpler substances that can be absorbed and used by the organism. Chemicals released can be used to generate energy or support growth.

A

Digestion

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15
Q

The elimination of chemical waste products generated by the organism; waste products are often toxic, removal is essential.

A

Excretion

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16
Q

The totality of chemical changes that occur within the body parts

A

Metabolism

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17
Q

What are the 5 requirements of organisms?

A 
Water
Food
Oxygen
Heat
Pressure
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18
Q

What is the most abundant substance in the body?

A

Water

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19
Q

How much atmospheric air does oxygen make up?

A

20%

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20
Q

A form of energy that is a product of metabolic reactions

A

Heat

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21
Q

The amount of heat present at any given time

A

Temperature

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22
Q

State in which force is applied to something

A

Pressure

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23
Q

Substances that provide the body with necessary chemicals to sustain life, in addition to water

A

Food

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24
Q

The body’s ability to detect change, activate mechanisms that oppose it, and thereby maintain relatively stable internal conditions

A

Homeostasis

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25
What happens if there is a loss of homeostasis?
Illness or death
26
What is gross anatomy?
``` Surface Regional Systemic Developmental Clinical ```
27
What is microscopic anatomy?
Cytology | Histology
28
Name 4 types of physiology
Cell physiology Special physiology Systemic physiology Pathological physiology
29
Name 3 homeostatic regulatory mechanisms
Receptors Control (integrating) centers Effectors
30
What do receptors do?
Senses change in body
31
What do control (integrating) sensors do?
Processes sensory information; ‘makes a decision’, and directs the response
32
What do effectors do?
Carries out the final corrective action to restore homeostasis
33
Response of effector opposes original stimulus
Negative feedback
34
Response of effector adds to original stimulus, speeding it up
Positive feedback
35
What is anatomy?
Form or structure
36
What is physiology?
Function
37
How does a biological structure’s form (anatomy) determine its function (physiology) or vice versa?
Structure is always related to function because the structure determines the function, which in turn determines how the body/organ is structured – the two are interdependent.
38
8 levels of anatomical organization
``` Atoms Molecules Cells Organelles Tissues Organs Organ systems Organism ```
39
The smallest stable unit of matter; they combine to form molecules
Atoms
40
Composed of atoms; the building blocks to all structures in the human body
Molecules
41
Composed of many different molecules; smallest independent living thing in the human body
Cells
42
Tiny organ-like structures enclosed by a jelly-like cellular fluid in a cell membrane
Organelles
43
A group of cells that work together to perform one or more specific function
Tissues
44
2 or more tissues that work together to perform several functions
Organs
45
Organs that interact together to form an organ system
Organ systems
46
All of the organ systems combined form an organism
Organism
47
What are the viscera?
The internal organs of the body, specifically those within the chest (heart, lungs) or abdomen (liver, pancreas, intestines)
48
Where are the mediastinum?
In the thoracic cavity, between the right lung and left lung
49
How does a parietal membrane differ from a visceral membrane?
The parietal layers of the membranes line the walls of the body cavity. The visceral layer of the membrane covers the organs (the viscera).
50
11 major organ systems
``` Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Nervous Endocrine Cardiovascular Lymphatic Respiratory Digestive Urinary Reproductive ```
51
What does the integumentary system do?
Protects against environmental hazards; helps control body temperature
52
What does the skeletal system do?
Provides support, protects tissues, stores minerals, forms blood cells
53
What does the muscular system do?
Produces movement, provides support, generates heat
54
What does the nervous system do?
Directs immediate responses to stimuli, usually by coordinating the activities of other organ systems
55
What does the endocrine system do?
Directs long-term changes in other organ systems
56
What does the cardiovascular system do?
Transports cells and dissolved materials, including nutrients, wastes, and gases
57
What does the lymphatic system do?
Defends against infection and diseases; returns tissue fluid to the bloodstream
58
What does the respiratory system do?
Delivers air to sites where gas exchange occurs between the air and circulating blood; produces sound
59
What does the digestive system do?
Processes food and absorbs nutrients
60
What does the urinary system do?
Eliminates excess water, salts, and wastes
61
What does the reproductive system do?
Produces sex cells and hormones; supports embryonic development from fertilization to birth

Anatomy and Physiology I (12 decks)

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