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Anatomy and Physiology I > Unit 2 - Tissues > Flashcards

Unit 2 - Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

Define tissue

A

Collections of specialized cells with specific functions

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2
Q

Name the four major types of tissue found in the human body.

A

Epithelial
Connective
Neural
Muscular

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3
Q

Describe the general characteristics of epithelial tissues.

A

Epithelial tissue line digestive, respiratory, urinary and reproductive tracts. Also, fluid or gas-filled internal cavities and passageways such as the chest cavity, inner surfaces of blood vessels and chambers of heart.

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4
Q

What do epithelial tissues lack?

A

Blood vessels

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5
Q

How many cell layers do epithelial tissues have?

A

1 or more

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6
Q

What is the upper surface of epithelial tissues exposed to?

A

The environment

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7
Q

4 basic functions of epithelial tissues

A

Provide physical protection
Control permeability
Provide sensation
Produce specialized secretions

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8
Q

Distinguish between simple epithelium and stratified epithelium.

A

A single cell layer is simple epithelium. Multiple cell layers is stratified epithelium.

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9
Q

Explain how the structure of simple squamous epithelium influences its function.

A

Simple squamous epithelium is very permeable due to its flat, thin structure.

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10
Q

Where is simple squamous epithelium found?

A

Alveoli of the lungs

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11
Q

Function of simple squamous epithelium

A

Allows the passage of materials by rapid diffusion or transport of substances inside where protection is not important and these cells can also secrete a lubricating substance

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12
Q

Where is simple cuboidal epithelium found?

A

Liver

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13
Q

Function of simple cuboidal epithelium

A

Specializes in secretion and absorption

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14
Q

Where is simple columnar epithelium found?

A

Lining of the GI tract

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15
Q

Function of simple columnar epithelium

A

Absorption and mucus secretion

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16
Q

Where is pseudostratified columnar epithelium found?

A

Respiratory tract

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17
Q

Function of pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

Secrete and propel mucus

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18
Q

Where is stratified squamous epithelium found?

A

Epidermis in the palms of hands and soles of feet

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19
Q

Function of stratified squamous epithelium

A

Resist abrasion, retards water loss from the skin, resists penetration of pathogenic bacteria

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20
Q

Where is stratified cuboidal epithelium found?

A

Sweat glands in the ovarian follicles

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21
Q

Function of stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

Secrete sweat, involved in sperm production

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22
Q

Where is stratified columnar epithelium found?

A

Pharynx

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23
Q

Function of stratified columnar epithelium

A

Providing protection and secretion

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24
Q

Where is transitional epithelium found?

A

Urinary bladder

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25
Q

Function of transitional epithelium

A

Stretchable, blocks diffusion, prevents leaking

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26
Q

Describe a gland

A

Glands are cells, or collections of cells, specialized for secretions ranging from sweat to hormones

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27
Q

Describe an exocrine gland

A

An exocrine gland release secretions into ducts which carry the secretions onto an epithelial surface such as the skin, or an internal passageway that communicates with the outside environment

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28
Q

Describe an endocrine gland

A

An endocrine gland releases hormonal secretions into interstitial fluids

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29
Q

What do merocrine glands have?

A

Vesicles that release their secretion by exocytosis

30
Q

What are apocrine glands primary mode of secretion?

A

Primarily merocrine mode of secretion

31
Q

What do holocrine glands cells do?

A

Accumulate a product and then the entire cell disintegrates

32
Q

Describe the general characteristics of connective tissue.

A

Connects the epithelium to the rest of the body via the reticular layer of the basal lamina. Other connective tissues provide structure (bone), store energy (fat), and transport materials throughout the body (blood).

33
Q

Define matrix

A

Extracellular material composed of fibrous proteins and gel

34
Q

Define ground substance

A

An amorphous gel-like substance in the extracellular space that contains all components of the extracellular matrix except for fibrous materials such as collagen and elastin.

35
Q

List the three major types of connective tissue cells.

A

Fibroblast
Mast cells
Macrophages

36
Q

Describe fibroblasts

A

Most abundant cell type; found in all connective tissues proper; secrete proteins and polysaccharide derivative hyaluronan (cement that locks cells together)

37
Q

Describe mast cells

A

Mast cells stimulate inflammation after injury or infection; basophils are mast cells carried by blood to damaged tissues

38
Q

Describe macrophages

A

Large, amoeba-like cells of the immune system which eat pathogens and damaged cells

39
Q

What is collagen?

A

Most common fibers in connective tissue proper; long, straight, and unbranched; strong and flexible; resists force in one direction

40
Q

What is elastin?

A

A protein that is branched and wavy; returns to original length after stretching

41
Q

Explain the difference between loose connective tissue and dense connective tissue.

A

Loose connective tissues are the packing materials of the body. Dense connective tissues have high numbers of collagen fibers.

42
Q

What do dense regular connective tissue have?

A

Tightly packed, parallel collagen fibers

43
Q

What do irregular connective tissues have?

A

Interwoven networks of strengthening fibers

44
Q

Distinguish between elastic and reticular connective tissues.

A

Elastic tissues are mostly elastic fibers. Reticular tissue has a 3D network of supportive fibers.

45
Q

Explain why injured loose connective tissue and cartilage are usually slow to heal.

A

Dense and closely packed
Lack a direct blood supply
Nutrients take a long time to reach the cells

46
Q

3 major types of cartilage

A

Hyaline
Elastic
Fibrocartilage

47
Q

4 features of hyaline cartilage

A

Translucent and no prominent fibers
Provides stiff, flexible support
Reduces friction between bones
Found in synovial joints, rib tips, sternum, and trachea

48
Q

3 features of elastic cartilage

A

Tightly packed elastic fibers
Supportive, bends easily
Found in the external ear and epiglottis

49
Q

3 features of fibrocartilage

A

Very dense collagen fibers
Limits movement and prevents bone-to-bone contact
Pads knee joints, pubic bones, and intervertebral discs

50
Q

Describe how bone cells are organized in bone tissue.

A

In cortical bone, cells and matrix surround vertically oriented blood vessels in long bones

51
Q

3 major components of blood

A

Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Platelets

52
Q

What are erythrocytes?

A

Red blood cells

53
Q

What are leukocytes?

A

White blood cells

54
Q

What are platelets involved in?

A

Clotting

55
Q

What do muscle tissues create movements involved in?

A

Body and limb movement, digestion, waste elimination, breathing, speech, and blood circulation

56
Q

What are muscle tissues?

A

Elongated cells that are specialized to contract in response to stimulation

57
Q

Features of skeletal muscle

A

Has long threadlike cells and most of them attach to bone (exception: tongue, esophagus, facial muscles, sphincters); striated; contain multiple nuclei in 1 muscle fiber; under voluntary conscious control

58
Q

Features of smooth muscle

A

Does not have striations; always involuntary; fibers not very long; thick in the middle and tapered in the end; has 1 centrally located nuclei; found in the digestive tract, respiratory tract, urinary tract, blood vessels, uterus; propels the contents of the organ and regulates the diameter of blood vessels

59
Q

Features of cardiac muscle

A

Limited to the heart only; myocytes and cardiomyocytes are much shorter; fibers are branched; has notches at the end; 1 centrally located nuclei that is light around it because it contains glycogen; needs a lot of localized energy it can use to beat constantly; the end of cardiac muscle cells have intercalated discs that join 1 cell to the next; involuntary

60
Q

3 types of muscle

A

Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac

61
Q

What is nervous tissue specialized for?

A

Specialized for communication by electrical and chemical signals

62
Q

Explain the differences between neurons and neuroglial cells.

A

Neurons transmit coded information rapidly to other cells

Neuroglia protect and assist neurons

63
Q

List the 4 types of membranes

A

Epithelial
Synovial
Serous
Mucus

64
Q

Where are epithelial membranes found?

A

Line cavities that are exposed to the external environment and internal organs; exist in the hollow organs of the digestive, respiratory, and urogenital tracts

65
Q

Where are synovial membranes found?

A

Lines joint cavities

66
Q

Where are serous membranes found?

A

Covers organs and lines blood vessels and heart

67
Q

Where are mucus membranes found?

A

Lines passageways open to external environment; nasal passageways

68
Q

What 9 cell types are in fibrous connective tissue?

A 
Fibroblasts
Macrophages
Leukocytes
Plasma cells
Mast cells
Adipocytes
Mesenchymal cells
Malenocytes
Microphages
69
Q

Characteristics of muscular and nervous tissue

A

Excitability

Membrane potential

70
Q

What is excitability?

A

A characteristic of all living cells

71
Q

What is membrane potential?

A

Electrical charge differences that occur across plasma membranes

72
Q

4 signs of inflammatory response

A

Swelling
Redness
Heat
Pain

Anatomy and Physiology I (12 decks)

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