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Anatomy and Physiology I > Unit 4 - Osseous Tissue and Bone Structure > Flashcards

Unit 4 - Osseous Tissue and Bone Structure Flashcards

1
Q

How many bones does a normal human adult have?

A

206

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2
Q

What is bone?

A 
Rigid structure
Dense connective tissue
Variety of shapes and sizes  
Serves a variety of functions
Active tissue
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3
Q

What do ligaments attach?

A

Bone to bone

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4
Q

What do tendons attach?

A

Muscle to bone

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5
Q

7 functions of the skeleton

A 
Support
Protection
Movement
Electrolyte balance
Acid-base balance
Blood formation
Metabolic functions
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6
Q

What is matrix?

A

Calcium hydroxyapatite and organic collagen

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7
Q

What makes the collagen fibers hard in bones?

A

When calcium and phosphorus comes together, they will precipitate on the collagen forming crystals. Those crystals harden and make the collagen fibers hard.

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8
Q

7 general features of bones

A 
Cortical bone  
Diaphysis 
Marrow cavity  
Epiphyses  
Cancellous bone 
Articular cartilage  
Nutrient foramina
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9
Q

What are the 4 bone shapes?

A

Long bones
Short bones
Flat bones
Irregular bones

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10
Q

2 features of long bones

A

Longer than wide

Rigid levers acted upon by muscles

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11
Q

2 features of short bones

A

Equal in length and width

Glide across one another in multiple directions

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12
Q

What do flat bones protect and what is their shape?

A

Protect soft organs

Curved but wide & thin

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13
Q

7 structures of a long bone

A 
Epiphyses 
Diaphysis
Cortical 
Cancellous 
Marrow cavity
Articular cartilage
Periosteum
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14
Q

2 structures of a flat bone

A

Two layers of cortical bone enclosing middle layer of cancellous bone
Diploe

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15
Q

What is diploe?

A

Cancellous layer in cranium

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16
Q

4 principal types of bone cells

A

Osteogenic cells
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts

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17
Q

What are osteoblasts?

A

Bone forming cells

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18
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

Mature osteoblasts trapped in matrix they deposit

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19
Q

What are osteoclasts?

A

Cells that breakdown and reabsorb bone

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20
Q

How do lacuna maintain the matrix?

A

It uses an osteocyte

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21
Q

What is the function of canaliculi?

A

They carry nutrients to the bone cells

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22
Q

How many bones are in the skull?

A

22

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23
Q

What are 3 changes that affect bone?

A

Nutrition
Ratio of calcium to phosphate
Amount of trace minerals

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24
Q

2 types of bone

A

Cortical

Cancellous

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25
Q

Which layer of bone is the hard, outer layer?

A

Cortical

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26
Q

Percentage of cortical bone in total bone mass of adult human skeleton

A

80%

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27
Q

What is cortical bone covered by on the outer and inner surfaces?

A

Periosteum on outer surface, and endosteum on inner surface

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28
Q

The basic structural unit of cortical bone

A

Osteon

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29
Q

What is the physical appearance of cancellous bone?

A

Sponge-like

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30
Q

Cancellous bone consists of? (3)

A

Spicules
Trabeculae
Red bone marrow

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31
Q

Which bone type is the interior of cortical bone?

A

Cancellous bone

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32
Q

Percentage of cancellous bone in total bone mass of adult human skeleton

A

20%

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33
Q

Description of cancellous bone

A

Thin formations of osteoblasts covered in endosteum

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34
Q

2 types of bone marrow

A

Red and yellow

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35
Q

What does hemopoietic tissue produce?

A

Blood cells

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36
Q

What is hemopoietic tissue composed of?

A

Multiple tissues

37
Q

Which age group is yellow marrow found in?

A

Adults

38
Q

What does most red marrow turn into?

A

Fatty yellow marrow

39
Q

When does the skeletal system begin to develop?

A

6 weeks

40
Q

What are the 2 ways bones are developed?

A

Intramembranous ossification

Endochondral ossification

41
Q

What happens during intramembranous ossification?

A

Bone is created by connective tissue

42
Q

What happens during endochondral ossification?

A

Bone is created from cartilage

43
Q

What types of bones does intramembranous ossification produce?

A

Flat bones of skull and clavicle

44
Q

What does endochondral ossification start with?

A

The pre-existing cartilage model

45
Q

During infancy and childhood, what do epiphyses fill with?

A

cancellous bone

46
Q

by late teens to early twenties, what happens after all remaining cartilage in epiphyseal plate is consumed?

A

Gap between epiphyses and diaphysis closes

47
Q

What happens to the bone when the gap between epiphyses and diaphysis closes?

A

The bone can no longer grow in length

48
Q

What is osteogenesis?

A

Extracellular matrix laid down by osteoblasts

49
Q

During osteogenesis, what do collagen fibers polymerize to form?

A

Collagen strands

50
Q

4 cellular components of bone

A

Osteoblast
Osteoid
Osteocyte
Matrix

51
Q

What are the 2 types of bone growth?

A

Bone elongation

Appositional growth

52
Q

Why is bone always turning over?

A

In response to calcium homeostasis

53
Q

5 zones of metaphysis

A 
Reserve cartilage
Proliferation
Hypertrophy
Calcification
Bone deposition
54
Q

Where does bone grow in length?

A

The metaphysis

55
Q

What is the term for bones growing in length?

A

Interstitial growth

56
Q

What is the term for bones increasing in width?

A

Appositional growth

57
Q

What % of bone remodeling occurs yearly?

A

10%

58
Q

2 types of dwarfism

A

Achondroplastic

Pituitary

59
Q

Defining feature of achondroplastic dwarfism

A

Long bones stop growing in childhood

60
Q

2 defining features of pituitary dwarfism

A

Lack of growth hormone

Normal proportions with short stature

61
Q

What occurs during mineralization?

A

Osteoblasts produce collagen fibers and fibers become encrusted with minerals that harden matrix

62
Q

What are abnormal calcifications?

A

Calcifications that are irregular in size or shape or are tightly clustered together in an otherwise soft organ

63
Q

Where is hydrogen pumped during mineral resorption?

A

The space between osteoclast and bone surface

64
Q

Mineral resorption is performed by _____ at the ___ ___

A

Performed by osteoclasts at the “ruffled border”

65
Q

What is calcium homeostasis?

A

The mechanism the body uses to maintain adequate calcium levels

66
Q

How many grams of calcium in an adult human?

A

1100

67
Q

Term for blood calcium deficiency

A

Hypocalcemia

68
Q

Term for blood calcium excess

A

Hypercalcemia

69
Q

What is a carpopedal spasm?

A

Hypocalcemia demonstrated by muscle spasm of hands and feet

70
Q

Calcium homeostasis depends on the balance between…? (3)

A

Dietary intake, urinary and fecal losses, and exchanges between osseous tissue

71
Q

Calcium homeostasis is regulated by three hormones:

A

Calcitriol
Calcitonin
Parathyroid hormone

72
Q

What is calcitriol produced by? (3)

A

Skin, liver, kidneys

73
Q

How does calcitriol raise blood calcium dioxide concentration? (3)

A

Increases calcium absorption by small intestine.
Increases calcium resorption from the skeleton.
Promotes kidney reabsorption of calcium ions.

74
Q

What is calcitriol necessary for?

A

Forming new bones

75
Q

What happens without an adequate amount of vitamin D?

A

An abnormal softness of bones

76
Q

How does the body lower blood calcium concentration?

A

Calcitonin

77
Q

2 ways calcitonin lowers blood calcium concentration

A

Osteoclast inhibition

Osteoblast stimulation

78
Q

How is calcitonin secreted?

A

By C cells in the thyroid gland

79
Q

What secretes parathyroid hormone?

A

Parathyroid glands

80
Q

Parathyroid hormones is released with…?

A

Low calcium blood levels

81
Q

4 mechanisms parathyroid hormones use to raise calcium blood levels

A
  1. Binds to receptors on osteoblasts
  2. Promotes calcium reabsorption by the kidneys, less lost in urine
  3. Promotes calcitriol synthesis in kidneys
  4. Inhibits collagen synthesis by osteoblasts
82
Q

When is bone growth rapid?

A

Puberty & adolescence

83
Q

What do anabolic steroids do for growth?

A

Causes it to stop

84
Q

What is a stress fracture?

A

Abnormal trauma to a bone

85
Q

What is a pathological fracture?

A

Bone weakened by some other disease

86
Q

What 3 characteristics are fractures classified by?

A

Direction of fracture line
Break in the skin
Multiple pieces

87
Q

4 steps of fracture repair

A
  1. Fracture hematoma formation
  2. Callus formation
  3. Cancellous bone formation
  4. Cortical bone formation
88
Q

Define osteoporosis

A

Bones lose mass and become brittle due to loss of organic matrix and minerals

89
Q

Who is at the highest risk of osteoporosis?

A

Postmenopausal white women

Anatomy and Physiology I (12 decks)

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