Done learning lec 1

Question 1

define

learning

Answer 1

any enduring change in the way an organism responds based on previous experience

Question 2

behaviourism aka =

Answer 2

behaviour analysis

scientific study of learning that investigates the relationship between observable environmental and behavioural variables

Question 3

_ learning types

Answer 3

3

1 = classical
2 = operant
3= cognitive & social theories

Question 4

underlying principle of behaviourism =

Answer 4

pragmatism

Question 5

ultimate goal of behaviourism =

Answer 5

prediction and influence of behaviour

Question 6

_ types of non-associative learning

Answer 6

2

1 habituation
2 sensitization

Question 7

define habituation =

Answer 7

the decreasing strength of a reflex response after repeated presentation of the stimulus

Question 8

define

sensitization

Answer 8

the repeated presentation of a stimulus increases an organisms’s responsiveness

Question 9

story of little albert

Answer 9

John watson
Rosalie rayner
set out to prove that not all behaviour is innate

conditioned to fear a white rat = conditioned emotional response

= also demonstrated fear in other furry objects

Question 10

classical conditioning =

Answer 10

Ivan Pavlov

studied salivation in dogs

aka Pavlovian / respondent conditioning

response through which a NS paired with a UCS => UCR

after repeated presentation =>
NS => elicits response without UCS
and NS becomes CS => CR

Question 11

define

UCS
UC
CR
UCR
CS
NS

Answer 11

UCS = unconditioned stimulus

UC = unconditioned

CR = conditioned response

UCR = unconditioned response

CS = conditioned stimulus

NS = neutral stimilus

Question 12

__ types of classical conditioning

Answer 12

4

1 = forwrad (delayed and trace)
2 = backwards
3= simultaneous
4 = second order

Question 13

define forward conditioning =

Answer 13

type of classical conditioning

effective ( both types)
but delay can’t be more than a few seconds

Question 14

which type(s) of conditioning does(do) not work as well as __=

Answer 14

backwards
simultaneous

as well as forward conditioning

Question 15

define

second order conditioning

Answer 15

aka high-order = encompasses 3rd 4th etc

the CS is paired with NS

after repeated exposure = the NS ( now CS2) elicits => CR

Question 16

_ more concepts of stimulus =

Answer 16

3

1 = stimulus generalization
2 = stimulus discrimination
3 = extinction

Question 17

define stimulus generalization =

Answer 17

tendency for the CR to be elicited by similar ( not identical) to the CS

opp. of stimulus discrimination

Question 18

define

stimulus discrimination =

Answer 18

tendency for the CR to be elicited only by stimuli very similiar/identical to CS

often achieved through exposure to situations of various NS and never paired with the UCS

Question 19

define

extinction

Answer 19

process by which a CR comes to be eliminated through the repeated presentations of the CS without presence of the UCS

Question 20

define

spontaneous recovery =

Answer 20

CS again elicits the CR after extinction has occured

forget about forgetting

following multiple extinction trials = CS no longer elicits the CR

but the CS is re-established very rapidly as soon as it is again paired with UCS

Question 21

other minor categories of classical conditioning

Answer 21

hunger, taste, immune system responses, sexual arousal etc

Question 22

define

biological preparedness =

Answer 22

food aversion = prepared to learn associations between food stimuli ( smell/taste) and nausea

danger = visual stimuli often easier to condition

Question 23

drug conditioning =

Answer 23

drugs = UCS
drug tolerance = UCR

causes a compensatory response in organism

UCR in the opp. direction of the UCS

UCS + NS => UCR
x n

NS now CS => CR

the compensatory response CR occurs before drug ingestion- drug tolerance

drug tolerance is the lessening of a physiological and behavioral effects caused by a drug through the repeated use of that drug

Question 24

shepard siegal et al experimented =

Answer 24

heroin in rats

when experienced drug taker takes drug in new enviro. there is less of a compensatory response and risk of overdose is increased

Question 25

define

psychoneuroimmunology

Answer 25

study of how psychology events relate to events involving the nervous system and immune system

Question 26

___ tested cancer patients before chemotherapy

Answer 26

Bovberj et al

chemotherapy = UCS weakens immune response UCR

found weakened immune system now CR upon arrival at hospital CS

Question 27

applications of respondent conditioning

Answer 27

systematic desensitization