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Microbiology Exam 2 > Drug Resistance pt 1 > Flashcards

Drug Resistance pt 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is intrinsic antibiotic resistance?

A

Microbe that has natural resistance to antibiotic

(lack cell walls, endospores)

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2
Q

What is acquired antibiotic resistance?

A

Microbe gains resistance to antibiotic it was previously susceptible to.

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3
Q

What are the types of acquired antibiotic resistance?

A
  1. Spontaneous mutation of chromosome
  2. Horizontal gene transfer
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4
Q

What are the methods of horizontal gene transfer?

A
  1. Conjugation
  2. Transformation
  3. Transduction
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5
Q

What is conjugation of acquired resistance?

(How does it work)

A
  • Bacteria with resistant plasmid gene
  • connects to susceptible bacteria by pilus
  • Transfers plasmid
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6
Q

Are plasmid genes acquired by conjugation incorporated in chromosome?

A

NO

But daughter bacteria will have resistant plasmid

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7
Q

How does acquired resistance by transformation happen?

A
  • Bacteria with resistant chromosomal gene lyses
  • DNA goes into environment
  • Another bacteria takes resistance gene and incorporates it
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8
Q

How does acquired resistance by transduction happen?

A
  • Bacteriaphage infects resistant bacteria
  • Takes resistant gene
  • Bacteriaphage infects another bacteria and incorporates gene
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9
Q

How does this drug resistance mechanism work:

Enzyme that breakdown antibiotic

A

Microbe acquires gene that encode enzymes to inactivate drugs

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10
Q

What type of mechanism is this:

Beta-lactamase made by bacteria destroy the beta lactam ring of penicillin/cephalosporin.

A

Enzyme that break down antibiotic

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11
Q

How does this drug resistance mechanism work:

Enzyme that alters antibiotic

A

Secreted enzyme chemically alter antibiotic

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12
Q

What mechanism is this:

Chlorampehnicol is inactivated when bacteria add acetyl group to it.

A

Enzyme that alters bacteria

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13
Q

How does this drug resistance mechanism work:

Reduced drug uptake

A
  • Amino acid mutation that changes receptor
  • Drugs cannot bind receptor and enter
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14
Q

What type of mechanism is this:

Point mutation in outer membrane transport proteins causes bacterial resistance to aminoglycosides.

A

Reduced drug uptake

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15
Q

How does this drug resistance mechanism work:

Drug eliminated

A
  • Bacteria have multidrug resistant pumps in cell membrane
  • Active transport antibiotics out
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16
Q

How does this drug resistance mechanism work:

Binding site reduced/eliminated

A

Mutation alters the structure of bacteria that is target of bacteria.

17
Q

What is this mechanism:

S. aureus become resistant to methicillin due to alteration in cell wall.

A

Binding site reduced/eliminated

18
Q

How does this drug resistance mechanism work:

Metabolic pathway turned off

A

Bacteria turn off/use alternate pathway for metabolism that antibiotic inhibits.

19
Q

What is this mechanism:

Bacteria use different pathway to produce folic acid when Sulfonamide blocks pathway.

A

Metabolic pathway turned off

20
Q

How can antibiotics increase natural drug resistance?

A
  • Naturally drug resistant microbes usually found in population.
  • Usually in check by non-drug resistant
  • When non-drug resistant killed off, can grow unchecked
21
Q

How can antibiotics be harmful to your microbiome?

A

Kill off “good” bacteria that keep pathogenic bacteria in check

22
Q

What causes viral resistance to occur?

A

Small genetic changes as virus replicates.

  1. Spontaneously
  2. During antiviral treatment
23
Q

Why do most fungal drug resistances happen?

A

Antifungal use:

  • Too little of a dose
  • Not long enough in duration
24
Q

How can fungi develop resistance?

A
  • Mutates so antifungal does not recognize
  • Use alternate metablic pathway drug targets
25
Q

Where can biofilms form?

What makes them so harmful to treatment?

A

On any natural/implanted device

100x more resistant than unattached microbe

Microbiology Exam 2 (18 decks)

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