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Microbiology Exam 2 > Identification and Diagnosis > Flashcards

Identification and Diagnosis Flashcards

1
Q

What are the five “I’s” of culturing microrganisms?

A
  1. Inoculate
  2. Incubate
  3. Isolate
  4. Inspect
  5. Identify
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2
Q

What does it mean to:

  1. Inoculate
  2. Incubate
A
  1. Place into a nutrient rich media
  2. Place inoculum into ideal enviroment
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3
Q

What are the three types of idenitification methods for grown cultures?

A
  1. Phenotypic methods
    1. Direct and indirect methods
  2. Immunological methods
  3. Genotypic (genetic) methods
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4
Q

What are phenotypic analyses direct methods?

A
  1. Staining
  2. Cultivation of specimen
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5
Q

What are these types of stains:

  1. Dye stains all microrganisms the same color
  2. Dye attaches to microgorganism, stains certain color
A
  1. Simple Stain
  2. Positive stain
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6
Q

Name these stains:

  1. Dye stains everything around microorganism
  2. Use of multiple stains to distinguish cell types
A

Negative stain

Differential stain

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7
Q

What are the two common types of differential stains?

  • What do they do?
A
  1. Gram Stain
    1. Checks for Gram +/-
  2. Acid Fast Stain
    1. ​Checks for lipid/non-lipid walls
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8
Q

Name this stain type:

Stain that identify the specific structure of bacteria

A

Structural Stain

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9
Q

What are the types of Structural Stains?

  • What do they do?
A
  1. endospore stain
    1. Spore vs. vegetative cell
  2. Flagellar stain
    1. Checks for flagella, number and location
  3. Capsular stain
    1. checks for capsule
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10
Q

Name these types of cultivation methods:

  • Used to grow variety of bacteria, no special growth factors
  • Has additional nutrients for bacteria to grow better.
A
  • General media
  • Enriched media
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11
Q

Bacteria that require enriched media to grow are called:

A

Fastidious

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12
Q

Name these cultivation methods:

  • Allow certain bacteria to grow, inhibits others
  • Used to identify two closely related bacteria
A
  • Selective media
  • Differential media
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13
Q

Name these cultivation methods:

  • used to identify anaerobic bacteria/oxygen requirments
  • Provides stable conditions for later analysis
A
  • Reducing media
  • Transport media
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14
Q

What are the different types of media?

A
  1. Liquid
  2. Semisolid
  3. Solid
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15
Q

What are examples of:

  1. General media
  2. Enriched media
A
  1. Nutrient agar
  2. Chocolate agar
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16
Q

Give examples of:

  1. Selective media
  2. Differential media

What do they grow?

A
  1. EMB agar media
    1. gram negative only
  2. Blood agar media
    1. check for alpha, beta, and gamma bacteria
17
Q

What is an example of both a selective and differential media?

What does it grow?

A

Mannitol salt agar

  • selective for staphococcus
  • differential for staph species
18
Q

What are the two ways to get a pure culture?

A
  1. Streak plate to isolate individual bacteria so they grow to form a colony
  2. Use differential/selective media
19
Q

What is phage typing?

A

indirect examination method

Bacteriaphages are distributed to different sections of agar plates.

Phages only lyse certain bacteria.

20
Q

What is antimicrobial sensitivity (examination method)?

  • What effects does it have?
A

An indirect method

Different antimicrobials are placed on agar plate.

  • Clear zones= susceptible

no zone= resistant

21
Q

What is the disc diffusion method of antimicrobial sensitivity?

A

Discs impregnated with antibiotics are placed on agar.

22
Q

What is biochemical testing (examination method)?

A

An indirect method

Evidence that finds particular factor present with particular bacteria.

23
Q

How does Biochemical testing work?

  • What are the different reactions that can occur?
A

Bacteria are inoculated in substrate containing media and test for end product.

    • reaction = enzyme present
  • reaction= no enzyme
24
Q

What are these different biochemical tests:

  1. Produces enzyme to ferment sugars
  2. Produces enzyme to break down gelatin
  3. Produces enzyme to break down starch
A
  1. Carbohydrate fermentation
  2. Gelatin hydrolysis
  3. Starch hydrolysis
25
Q

What are:

  1. Antigens
  2. Antibodies
A
  1. Anything that stimuates an immune response by ​B or T cells
  2. immunce cels from your body (specific for each antigen)
26
Q

What is immunological analysis?

  • How can this test vary in specicifity and sensitivity?
A

Blood test that analyzes antigen and antibody reactions.

  • Specifically= Reacts w/ specific antibody/antigen
  • Sensitivity= Can detect very small amounts of antibody/antigen
27
Q

What are the two methods for immunological assays?

A
  1. Take patient serum, add known antigen, look for reaction with antibody
  2. Take unknown microbe, add known antibody, look for reaction with antigen
28
Q

Name these immunological analysis types:

  • can determine (antigen) when antibodies attach and form clumps
  • Antigen is made insoluble by an antibody, creates clody zone
A
  • Agglutination test
  • Precipitation test
29
Q

Name these immunological analysis types:

  • Separate bacterial proteins using electric current on a gel and expose to specific antigen
  • Antibodies labeled with fluorescent dye bind antigen
A
  • Western blot
  • Immunoflourescence
30
Q

Name these immunological analysis types:

  • Radioactively labeled antibody/antigen
  • Calorimetric test to detect antibody/antigen
A
  • Radioimmunoassay
  • ELISA
31
Q

Name these immunological analysis types:

Introduce antigen/antibody into patient to produce reaction

A

In-vivo

32
Q

What is genotypic analysis?

A

A PCR (polymerase chain reaction)

Use of small primer sequence to amplify a genome (compare to known genomes)

33
Q

What makes genotypic analysis so effective?

A

Very sensitive and fast (hours)

Can analyze DNA or RNA genomes

34
Q

What are these types of Genotypic analysis:

  • Analysis of ribosomal RNA
  • DNA probes with flourescent molucule
A
  • Ribotyping
  • DNA hybridization (FISH)

Microbiology Exam 2 (18 decks)

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