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PHASE 2A > DRUGS > Flashcards

DRUGS Flashcards

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1
Q

Examples of DMARDS?

A

Methotrexate and sulfasalazine

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2
Q

Examples of ACE inhibitors?

A

Rampiril (stop if renaly) impaired) and lisinopril

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3
Q

What can ACE inhibitors cause and what alternative medicine can be used?

A

A dry cough (also hyperkalaemia and hyponatraemia) and angiotensin 2 inhibitors can be used instead

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4
Q

What do ACE inhibitors do?

A

Stop angiotensin 2 being formed meaning blood vessels relax and the kidneys reabsorb less water

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5
Q

Examples of angiotensin 2 inhibitors?

A

Candersartan and valsartan

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6
Q

What do vasodialtors do and give examples?

A

Dilate blood vessels and include amlodipine and verapamil

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7
Q

What conditions are DMARDS used for?

A

Rheumatoid arthritis, Chron’s, SLE, Sjogren’s and immune thrombocytopenia

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8
Q

What do Beta blockers do?

A

They block adrenaline so the heart beats more slowly and with less force. This reduces blood pressure

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9
Q

Beta blocker examples?

A

Atenolol (not with asthma) and bisoprolol

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10
Q

What do GTN sprays do?

A

Glyceryl trinitrate relaxes and widens blood vessels in the heart

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11
Q

What do ACE inhibitors stop degranulation of?

A

Bradykinin which cause itching and a rash

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12
Q

Examples of calcium channel blockers?

A

Amlododipine, felodipine and verapamil

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13
Q

What does lower molecular weight heparin work?

A

It inhibits clotting factor Xa and thrombin

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14
Q

Examples of LMW heparin?

A

Dalteparin and tinzaparin

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15
Q

What is an alternative to warfarin?

A

Dabigatron

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16
Q

How does Warfarin work?

A

It inhibits the ability to make vitamin K dependant clotting factors

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17
Q

Examples of anticoagulants?

A

Aspirin, clopidogrel, warparin and heparin

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18
Q

Give examples of loop diuretic?

A

Furosemide and bumetanide

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19
Q

How do loop diuretics work?

A

They act on the ascending limb of the loop of Henle and inhibit Na/K/2Cl

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20
Q

Give an example of a thiazide diuretic?

A

Bendroflumethiazide

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21
Q

How does a thiazide work?

A

Acts on Na/Cl transport

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22
Q

Examples of K+ sparing diurectics?

A

Amiloride and spironolactone

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23
Q

Where do K+ sparing diuretics act on?

A

The distal convoluted tubules to inhibit sodium uptake

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24
Q

What is the treatment of asthma?

A

Short acting beta 2 then go to inhaled corticosteroids (beclomemetasone) then leukotriene receptor agonist then long acting beta agonists

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25
What is the treatment of COPD?
SABA then if FEV>50% then give LABA then if FEV<50% then give LABA then inhaled corticosteroids
26
What is the treatment for cystic fibrosis?
Azithromycin to regulate the immune system and mucolytic (rhDNase), broncholiators, vitamin supplements, physiotherapy
27
What is the treatment of ischaemic heart disease?
Antiplatelet (aspirin, clopidogrel), statin, ACE inhibitor and a beta blocker
28
Acute coronary syndrome treatment?
M- morphine O- Oxgen N- Nitrates A- Aspirin-300mg
29
Heart Failure treatment?
Diuretics, CCB (amlodipine), ACE inhibitor, beta blockers, ARB, Aldosterone inhibitor (spiranolactone) , digoxin
30
What does digoxin do and what is it used for?
It's a rate controller and increases the force of contraction of the heart that is used for AF
31
What is general Arrhythmia treatment?
Reduce alcohol intake, digoxin, cardioversion
32
What is the mechanism for Ondarsetron and what is it's use?
SHT3 antagonist and it's a anti nausea and vomiting used during chemo
33
What is the treatment for thrombosis?
``` Thrombolytic therapy (streptokinase or altoplase), 5 days of LMWH and fondaparinux plus Rivaroxaban to reduce risk Lifestyle changes ```
34
what is the treatment for gastro oesophageal reflux disease?
Antacids, PPI -lansoprazole (4-8 weeks) then add H2 blocker | Life style changes
35
Examples of PPIs?
Omeprazole and lansoprazole
36
Anti-acid examples?
Magnesium trisilicate mixture or Gaviscon (alginates)
37
Treatment of ulcers?
No NSAIDs! If caused by H.Pylori use amoxicillin, clarithromycin and metronidazole, then PPI or H2RA
38
What is the treatment for ascites?
Restrict fluid, low salt diet, spironolactone and frusemide making sure to measure U+Es often
39
What is the treatment for rheumatoid arthritis?
2 DMARDs including one being methotrexate and short term glucocorticoids
40
What is the treatment for GOUT?
``` Acute= High dose NSAIDs or can use Colchicine. (If renally impaired use steroids) Prophylaxis= Allopurinol (Xanthine oxidase inhibitor) ```
41
How does the analgesic ladder work?
None opioid- eg. aspirin, paracetamol or NSAID Weak opiod- eg. codeine and can add none opioid Strong opiod- eg. morphineanc can add non-opioid
42
What are the 5 principles of pain management?
1. Oral forms prefered where possible 2. give at regular intervals not on demand 3. Follow the principles of the ladder 4. Base therapy on the patient's needs 5. closely monitor the patient
43
What is the treatment of epilepsy?
Focal- carbamazepine or lamotrigine Tonic Clonic- sodium valproate or lamotrigine Absence- sodium valproate or ethosuximide Myoclonic- sodium valporate Tonic or Atonic- sodium valproate or lamotrigine
44
What is the treatment for diabetes type 2?
1st- lifestyle, diet, exercise and weight loss 2nd- Mertformin 3rd- HbA1c>58 Metformin + 1 of DPP4 inhibitor, piglitazone, sulphonylurea or SGLT-2i 4th- Metformin + usually sulphonylurea + 1 more
45
Treatment of Graves disease?
Beta blocker to correct pulse then carbimazole to correct thyroid (can get hypothyroid so give levothyroxine.
46
Treatment of hypothyroidism?
Healthy + young= levothyroxine | Old + IDH= levothyroxine precipitates angina so give 25mg at a time
47
Treatment of eczema?
Emollients, topical corticosteroids, soft clothing, avoid triggers, avoid overheating and manage stress
48
Example of short acting beta agonist?
salbutamol
49
Example of a long acting beta agonist?
salmeterol and formoterol
50
Examples of corticosteroids?
Prednisolone, methylprednisolone, dexamethasone
51
What are leukotriene receptor antagonist used for and what is an example?
Asthma and an example is zileuton
52
Anti-IgE example and use?
Omalizumab used for extreme asthma
53
How do corticosteroids work?
They upregulate anti-inflam genes and down regulate pro-inflam genes
54
How do statins work?
They inhibit HMG CoA Reductase so the liver makes less cholesterol
55
What 4 drugs are used to treat TB?
Rifampicin, Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide and Ethambutol
56
What side effects do these drugs have?
Rifampicin- Hepatitis Isoniazid- peripheral neuropathy or hepatitis Pyrazinamide- hepatitis Ethambutol- Optic neuritis
57
What most commonly causes tonsillitis?
A virus but if it is bacterial it is often strep pyogenes
58
What's an example of a H2 blocker?
Rantidine
59
What should be given with methodrexate?
The contraceptive pill
60
What does Rituximab do?
It attaches to CD20 on B cells
61
What does an antiemetic do?
Reduces nausea and vomitting
62
What antibiotic should be used in pregnancy for UTIs?
Trimethoprin
63
What is a prodrug?
Metabolised to form an active agent
64
Where does elimination occur?
Via the kidneys, biliary circulation and the lungs
65
What is the clearance equation?
Clearance= rate of appearance in urine/plasma concetration
66
What do cholinergic receptors do?
Para- rest and digest
67
What do adrenergic pharmacology do?
Sympathetic- fight or flight
68
What do alpha 1 receptors do?
Cause vasoconstriction in the skin, kidneys and brain | Sphincter contraction bladder and GI
69
What do alpha 2 receptors do?
Inhibit nor adrenaline release by negative feedback
70
Where do beta 1 receptors work on?
HEART and renin from kidneys
71
What is a beta 1 blocker?
Propanolol
72
Where do beta 2 receptors effect?
The bronchi causing relaxation and fight or flight areas
73
What is an example of a beta 2 agonist?
Salbutamol
74
How dies a potassium sparing diuretic work?
It inhibits aldosterone
75
How do statins work?
Inhibit HMG-CoA reductase and increases the number of LDL receptors in the liver
76
What is used as rate control in AF?
Beta blockers like atenolol and bisoprolol
77
What does digoxin do?
Decreases heart rate and controls AF
78
Who shouldn't have aspirin and clopidogrel?
Children and those with asthma | Can cause GI irritation
79
When are thromboytic used?
Before 4.5 hours of a thrombotic stroke and within 120 mins of a STEMI with no PCI
80
What is better about low, molecular weight heparin?
It is more bio available and a longer half life
81
How is LMW heparin removed?
Renally so dose based on creatinine clearance
82
Examples of factor Xa inhibitor?
RivaroXAban and edoXAban
83
What are the side effects of beta 2 adrenergic agonists?
Tremor, tachycardia and hypokalaemia
84
What is a short acting muscarinic receptor antagonist?
Ipratropium bromide
85
What is a long acting muscarinic receptor antagonist?
Tiatropium bromide
86
What is an inhaled corticosteroid?
Beclometasone
87
What are issues with magnesium salts?
The are ant acids but cause diarrhoea
88
What is an issue with aluminium salt antacids?
Cause constipation
89
What are types of antiemetics?
5-HT3 receptor antagonists H1 receptor antagonists Muscarinic antagonists Dopamine receptor antagonist
90
What is an example of a laxative?
Lactulose or magnesium sulphate
91
What can help with IBS
Hyoscine butylbromide- spasmolytics
92
What is the drug treatment for IBD?
Prednisolone Aminosalicylates like sulfasalazine DMARDs- methotrexate TNF- alpha blockers- Infliximab

PHASE 2A (14 decks)

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