RENAL AND GU

Question 1

What defines a UTI?

Answer 1

> 10^5 organisms/mL or less if with pyuria(pus in the urine)

Question 2

What can a bladder UTI lead to?

Answer 2

cystitis

Question 3

What is a prostate UTI?

Answer 3

Prostatitis

Question 4

What is a urethra UTI?

Answer 4

Urethritis

Question 5

What is the most common cause of UTIs?

Answer 5

E.coli then staph saprophyticus, proteus and klebisella

Question 6

What are risk factors for UTIs?

Answer 6

Diabetes, pregnancy, impaired voiding, sex, stones, intact male foreskin

Question 7

What organism makes a UTI complicated?

Answer 7

S.aureus

Question 8

What are symptoms of acute pyelonephritis?

Answer 8

High fever, rigors, vomiting, loin pain, tenderness

Question 9

What are symptoms of cystitis?

Answer 9

Frequency, dysuria (painful or difficult urnination), urgency, haematuria and suprapubic pain

Question 10

What are the symptoms of prostatitis?

Answer 10

Flu-like, low backache, few urinary symptoms and swollen tender prostate on DRE

Question 11

What appears on a UTI urine dipstick?

Answer 11

Leucocytes and nitrates

Question 12

Which antibiotics are used for UTIs?

Answer 12

Trimethoprim or nitrofurantoin(is eGFR <30)

Question 13

Where are renal calculi most common?

Answer 13

Pelviureteric junction
Pelvic brim
Vesicoureteric junction

Question 14

Are renal stones more common in males or females?

Answer 14

Males

Question 15

What is the pain like for renal colic?

Answer 15

Loin to groin with nausea and vomitting, haem and proteinuria, anuria, sterile pyuria

Question 16

What foods are linked to kidney stones?

Answer 16

Spinach, tea, rhubarb, strawberries, nuts, chocolate

Question 17

What blood tests do you do for renal stones?

Answer 17

Full blood count, U+E, PO4, Glucose, bicarbonate, urate
Imaging- young- xr
Old- non-contrast CT

Question 18

What is the treatment for renal colic?

Answer 18

Pain relief, anti emetics, ccb and extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy to remove the stone

Question 19

What type of cancer is bladder cancer?

Answer 19

Transitional cell cancinoma

Question 20

What are signs other than painless haematuria for bladder cancer?

Answer 20

Frequency, urgency, dysuria and urinary tract obstruction

Question 21

What does TURBT stand for?

Answer 21

Transurethral resection of bladder tumour

Question 22

What is the treatment for t2/3 stage bladder cancer?

Answer 22

Radical cystectomy or post op chemo

Question 23

What is treatment foe stage Tis, Ta and T1 bladder cancer?

Answer 23

Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumur and cisplatin

Question 24

What are symptoms of renal cancer?

Answer 24

Haematuria, loin pain, abdominal mass, anorexia, high BP from renin

Question 25

What issues are there with treating renal cancer?

Answer 25

It is very radio/chemo resisitant but for T1= surgically whilst the rest are treated with biological therapies

Question 26

What is nephritic syndrome causes?

Answer 26

IgA nephropathy, post streptococcal glomerulonephritis, goodpasture's, vascular disease

Question 27

With Nephritic syndrome do you get hypo or hypertension?

Answer 27

Hypertension

Question 28

What does post-streptococci glomerulonephritis present with?

Answer 28

Group A beta-haemolytic streptococcus

Question 29

What are the causes of nephrotic syndrome?

Answer 29

Minimal change disease, membranous glomerulonephritis- 1st Diabetes melitus, malignancy, HIV, SLR- 2ndry

Question 30

What are signs other than proteinuria for nephrotic syndrome?

Answer 30

Odeama, Hyperlidaemia and hypoalbuminaemia

Question 31

What is minimal change disease?

Answer 31

Where cytokines damage the glomeruli so the podocyte foot processes flatten

Question 32

What is urine retention?

Answer 32

producing urine but not being able to void

Question 33

What are causes of urine retention?

Answer 33

Benign prostate enlargement, prostate cancer, MS or prolapsed disc, drugs blocked catheter

Question 34

What hormone causes prostate hyperplasia?

Answer 34

Dihydrotestosterone

Question 35

What are the treatments for BPH?

Answer 35

Medical= alpha blockers or 5 aplha reductase inhibitors Surgical: Transurethral resection of the prostate retropubic prostatectomy

Question 36

What type of cancer is prostate cancer?

Answer 36

Adenocarcinoma

Question 37

What scoring system is used for prostate cancer and how does it work?

Answer 37

The Gleason's score and it looks at how much the cancer cells look uniform

Question 38

What are treatments for prostate cancer?

Answer 38

Radical prostatectomy, radical radiotherapy, hormone therapy (anti-androgen and LHRH agonists), chemo

Question 39

What investigation shows testicular torsion?

Answer 39

Doppler ultrasound

Question 40

What is epididymo-orchitis?

Answer 40

Sudden onset testicular pain due to STI

Question 41

What are signs of testicular cancer?

Answer 41

A painless lump, haematospermia, abdominal mass

Question 42

What are the 2 types of testicular cancer?

Answer 42

Seminoma or non seminoma

Question 43

What are the 3 tumour markers for testicular cancer?

Answer 43

Alpha fetoprotein Beta human chorionic gonadotrophin Lactate dehydrogenase

Question 44

How do you treat seminomas?

Answer 44

radical orchiectomy and radio

Question 45

How do you treat non-seminomas?

Answer 45

Chemo

Question 46

What genes are asociated with polycystic kidney disease?

Answer 46

PKD1 and PKD 2

Question 47

Causes of renal AKI?

Answer 47

Glomerulonephritis, acute tubular necrosis, drugs, vasculitis

Question 48

What autoantibodies are seen in AKI?

Answer 48

ANCA and anti-GBM

Question 49

What are causes of CKD?

Answer 49

Diabetes, PKD, hypertension, reflux nephropathy, obstructive uropathy

Question 50

What is the eGFR in stage 4 CKD?

Answer 50

15-30

Question 51

Where in the testes is testicular cancer most commonly found?

Answer 51

In the body

Question 52

What is the most common compostition of renal stones?

Answer 52

Calcium oxalate?

Question 53

What is an investigation for renal cancer?

Answer 53

Intravenous urogram

Question 54

What is the most common type of bladder cancer?

Answer 54

Transitional

Question 55

What age group does testicular cancer effect?

Answer 55

20-40

Question 56

What is a hydroceles?

Answer 56

Fluid in the tunica vaginalis that can recover spontanoeously

Question 57

What is a varocele?

Answer 57

A dilated pampiniform plexus which feels like a bag of worms