Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PHASE 2A > ENDOCRINE > Flashcards

ENDOCRINE Flashcards

1
Q

What does growth hormone do?

A

Increase fat and carbohydrate metabolism as well as causing the liver to make insulin like factors which increase cartilage formation, skeletal growth and increased protein synthesis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does thyroid hormone do?

A

Creates faster food metabolism (carbohydrates and fat)
More proteins are made
Higher cardiac output
Bone demineralisation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does the adrenal medulla make?

A

Epinephrine and Nor epinephrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What activates the renin-angiotensin system?

A

High blood K+, decreased blood volume and decreased blood pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What cause aldosterone release and where from?

A

Angiotensin 2

released from the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does adlosterone cause?

A

increased Na+ and water absorption but increased K+ excretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where is atrial natriuretic peptide?

A

The heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does the liver make?

A

Insulin like growth factor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Where is erythropoietin made?

A

The kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What allows us to recognise foreign molecules?

A

Major histocompatibility complex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What type of hypersensitivity is diabetes?

A

4 and this means T cella attacks the pancreas beta cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is genes is diabetes linked to?

A

HLA DR3 +4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does polyphagia mean?

A

Excessive hunger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does polydipsia mean?

A

Dehydration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What score is done in diabetic patients?

A

Global vascular risk score

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the treatment for diabetic ketoacidosis?

A

Fluids, insulin and electrolytes to replace those lost

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How does type 2 diabetes occur?

A

The body doesn’t respond to insulin from beta cell as hypertrophy and hyperlasia occurs to make enough insulin but leads to atrophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the medical emergency from type 2 diabetes?

A

Hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Who is type 2 diabetes more common in?

A

Asians and males

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the tests for type 2 diabetes?

A

Hb a1c, fasting gluocse, non-fasting glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Who should you avoid doing an Hb a1c on?

A

Type 1 diabetes, in pregnancy and children

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the second line treatment for type 2 diabetes?

A

Metformin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the 3rd line treatment of type 2 diabetes?

A 
Metoformin + 1 of:
DPP4 inhibitor
Pioglitazone
Sulphonylurea
SGLT-2i
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the 4th line treatment for diabetes?

A

Metformin, usually sulphonylurea and one of the others (DPP4 inhiitor, SGLT-2i or Pioglitazone)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Where makes thyroid stimulating hormone?

A

Anterior pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What does thyroid stimulating hormone do?

A

It causes the thyroid gland to turns thyroglobulin into iodine converting hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Which of T4 or T3 is active?

A

T3 is active and T4 is converted from T4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What does T3 cause?

A

Affects cardiac output , bone resorption and activates the sympathetic nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What does calcitonin cause?

A

Lowers blood calcium by inhibiting tubular re-absorption and osteoclasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What mutations are thyroid cancers linked to?

A

RET and BRAF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What do you not see in thyroid cancer?

A

Hyo or hyper thyroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are investigations for thyroid cancer?

A

Check for T4 autoantibodies, chest X-ray, thyroid ultrasound, high calcitonin in medullary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is Cushing’s disease?

A

High cortisol in the blood which is usually removed in the kidney and is caused by a pituitary adenoma.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

When is the circadian rhythm peak?

A

In the morning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What do delta cells of the pancreas secrete?

A

Somatostatin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Apart from glucose uptake what else does insulin (anabolic hormone) do?

A

It causes k+ uptake which means it can be used as a treatment for hyperkalaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What takes glucose into cells?

A

GLUT receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is the pre-diabetic range for HbA1c?

A

42-47

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Complications of diabetes?

A

Retinonapthy, arterial disease, erectile dysfunction, staph. skin infections, foot ulcers and polyneuropathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What are signs of diabetic keto acidosis?

A

Nausea and vomiting, excessive urine production, dehydration, gradual drowsiness, KUSSMAUL BREATHING

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is the treatment for diabetic ketoacidosis?

A

Fluid restriction using 0.9% saline
Add IV insulin along with usual regime
Assess need for K+ replacement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is the most commonly seen emergency for type 2 diabetes?

A

Hyperosmolar hyperglyceamic state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What signifies a hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic event?

A

Dehydrtion, hyperglycaemia, altered conciousness and serum osmolarity of >320mOsm/Kg

44
Q

What is the difference between ketoacidosis and hyperglycaemiv hyperosmolar state?

A

HHS takes longer to develop and does not have ketone production or acidosis. HHS also has a higher mortality rate.

45
Q

How does the thyroid hormone axis work?

A

The hypothalamus releases thyrotropin- releasing hormone
This makes the anterior pituitary produce thyroid stimulating hormone
Then T4 is released from the tyroid gland which goes to target tissues to become it’s active form of T3

46
Q

What is 99% of T3 and T4 bound to in the blood?

A

Proteins such as thyroxine-binding globulin

47
Q

What is goitre?

A

A lump in the neck

48
Q

Signs of hyperthyroidism?

A

Tremor, sweating, restless, wasting, hyperreflexia, palmar erythema, lid retraction
Also see changes on the hands such as clubbing

49
Q

symptoms of hyperthyroidism?

A

Swaeting, restless, weight loss but increased appetite, heat intolerance, palpitations, diarrhoea, polyuria, irritable

50
Q

Causes of hyperthyroidism?

A

Grave’s disease (most common), toxic multinodular goitre, toxic adenomas, thyroiditis

51
Q

What is the epi of hyperthyroisim?

A

20-40 and often female

52
Q

What is Grave’s disease?

A

An autoimmune disease from thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin which causes the thyroid gland to produce excess thyroid hormone.

53
Q

What is the management of hyperthyroidism?

A

Carbimazole or Proplithiouracil
Radioiodine as most will be hypothyroid after.
Smoking cessation

54
Q

What are the causes of Hypothyroidism?

A

Hasimoto’s thyroiditis

post surgery for hyperthyrodism, primary atrophic hypothyroidism

55
Q

What are symptoms of hypothyroisim?

A

Weight gain, cold intolerance, mennorrhagia, fatigue, hoarse voice, constipation, alopecia, carpal tunnel syndrome

56
Q

What are signs of hypothyroisim?

A

Dry brittle nails, bradycardia, macroglossia, hyporeflexia, alopecia

57
Q

What results appear on investigation for hypothyroidism?

A

High TSH but low T4

58
Q

What is Hashimoto’s thyroiditis?

A

Lymphocytic infiltration and destruction of the thyroid gland and see Anti-TPO or antithyroglobulin antibodies

59
Q

What is the treatment for hypothyroidism?

A

Young- Levothyroxine

Old +IHD- Give in 25mg doses

60
Q

What does vasopressin/ADH do?

A

It increases expression of aquaporins in the kidney collecting ducts, increasing water retention.
This means lower urine production, higher BP and decreased sweating

61
Q

What increases ADH?

A

Nicotine, adrenaline,, anaemia, hypovolaemia, hypotension

62
Q

What reduces ADH?

A

Ethanol, hypertension and alpha adrenergic stimuli

63
Q

What is reduced ADH known as?

A

Diabetes insipidus

64
Q

What is serum osmolarity?

A

2(Na+K)+urea+glucose

65
Q

What are features of diabetes insipidus?

A

Polyuria, Nocturia, compensatory polydipsia, dehydration

66
Q

What can cause diabetes insipidus?

A

Genes, tumour, infection, renal disease, sickle cell disease or drugs

67
Q

What are the investigations for low ADH?

A

Osmolality, U+E, 24h urine volumes, Water deprivation test

68
Q

What is the treatment of diabetes insipidus?

A

Cranial- Desmoprssion

Nephrogenic- Thiazide diuretics

69
Q

What are the symptoms of SIADH?

A

Confusion, nausea and irritability but later fits and coma

70
Q

What can cause SIADH?

A

Tumours, drugs, head injury, alcohol withdrawal, lung diseases

71
Q

What investigations would you do for SIADH?

A

U+E, Osmolality, urinalysis

72
Q

What is the treatment for SIADH?

A

Restrict fluid intake, demeoclocycline and tolvaptan

73
Q

What is excess growth hormone in children?

A

Gigantism (before epiphyseal fusion)

74
Q

What causes acromegaly?

A

Pituitary ademoma

75
Q

What are the signs of acromegaly?

A

Large supraorbital ridge, wide nose, macroglossia, spade like hands and feet, tight rings, carpal tunnel

76
Q

What are the symptoms of acromegaly?

A

Snoring, deep voice, increased sweating, weight and hands/feet, low libido, arthralgia (joint pain) and headacges

77
Q

What are the investigations for acromegaly?

A

IGF-1, glucose tolerance test, serum calcium, visual fields, MRI, photos

78
Q

What are the expected results for acromegaly?

A

High gluoce
High calcium
High IGF-1
Pituitary adenoma

79
Q

What is the treatment for acromegaly?

A

1st- Trans-sphenoidal surgery
2nd- somastatin analogues and/or radiotherapy
3rd- GH antagonist

80
Q

what is Conn’s syndrome?

A

Excess aldosterone production that is independant of the RAA system leading to increased sodium and water retention

81
Q

What will Conn’s present with?

A

It is often asymptomatic but will see signs of low potassium

82
Q

What is the cause of Conn’s most commonly?

A

Aldosterone producing adenoma

83
Q

What is the treatment for Conn’s syndrome?

A

Laparoscopic adrenalectomy with spironolactone given 4 weeks pre op to control K+ and BP

84
Q

What is Cushing’s disease?

A

High levels of cortisol in the blood

85
Q

What is the common cause of Cushing’s disease?

A

Pituitary tumour

86
Q

What are the signs of cushings?

A

Moon face, central obesity, buffalo neck hump, bruises, muscle atrophy and purple abdo striae

87
Q

What are the symptoms of cushing’s?

A

Increased weight, mood changes, weakness, acne, gonadal dysfunction

88
Q

What are investigations for Cushing’s?

A

High corisol in blood
Overnight dexamethasone suppression test
48hr dexamethasone suppression test

89
Q

Cushing’s treatment?

A

Stop steroids, trans-sphenoidal surgery (cushings), adrenalectomy with radio and mitotane (Adrenal carcinoma), remove tumour and mtyrapone(Ectopic)

90
Q

What is Addison’s disease?

A

Destruction of the entire adrenal cortex and thus affects mineralcorticoids (aldosterone) and glucocorticoids (cortisol) with low sex hormone production.
Caused by TB most commonly world wide but autoimmune adrenalitis in the UK

91
Q

What the symptoms of Addison’s?

A

Anorexia, weight loss, malaise, weakness, fever, depression, syncope, confusion, flu like, dizzy nausea, vomitting, crave salty food

92
Q

What are the signs of Addison’s?

A

Pigmentation, postural hypotension, general wasting, dehydration and alopecia (loss pubic hair)

93
Q

What are the investigations for Addison’s disease?

A

Take a blood sample cortisol and hydrocortisone ACTH stimulation test, morning plasma ACTH

94
Q

What is the treatment of Addison’s disease?

A

1L 0.9% saline and IV hydrocortisone with infused glucose

Maintenance: prednisolone and fludrocortisone

95
Q

What does parathyroid do?

A

Controls calcium levels by encouraging bone to release more calcium and the kidneys to reabsorb more calcium and less phosphate
It also creates more active vitamin D to promote vit D absorption

96
Q

How many parathyroid glands do we have?

A

4

97
Q

What is the managemnt of primary hyperparathyroidism?

A

Surgery

98
Q

What are test results for hyperparathyroidism?

A

high calcium
high PTH
low phosphate
high ALP from bone

99
Q

Causes of secondary hyperparathyroidism?

A

Low vitamin D, malabsorption, CKD and osteomalacia, MALIGNANCY (90% of hypercalcaemia)

100
Q

Signs of hypercalcaemia?

A 
STONES
THRONES
GROANS (nausea)
MOANS
PSYCHIATRIC OVERTONES
although very few people will present with this
101
Q

What is the treatment for hypercalcaemia?

A

Treat the underlying cause and correct the calcium levels

102
Q

What are the tests for hypocalcaemia?

A

Chvostek’s sign (tapping nerve creates facial twitching

Trousseau-

103
Q

What is the management of hypoparathyroid/hypocalcaemia?

A

EMERGENCY: IV calcium gluconate and cardiac monitoring

104
Q

Causes of Hyperkalaemia?

A 
Drugs
Renal failure
Endocrine (Addison's)
Artefact (otherwise well and normal ECG) (most common cause)
DKA
105
Q

ECG hyperkalaemia signs?

A

Widened QRS, prolonged PR intreval, depressed ST segment

106
Q

Hyperkalaemia treatment?

A

Restrict potassium in diet and hyperkalaemia causing drugs

Severe- IV calcium gluconate, salbutamol, IV glucose, IV frusemide and saline

107
Q

What are 3 autoantibodies for Grave’s disease?

A

Thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin, antithyroglobulin, anti-thyroid peroxidase

PHASE 2A (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions