MICROBIOLOGY

Question 1

What colour are gram positive bacteria?

Answer 1

Purple

Question 2

What colour are gram negative bacteria?

Answer 2

Pink

Question 3

How do we gram stain?

Answer 3

Fixation -> crystal violet->iodine treatment->discolouration -> counter stain with safranin

Question 4

What are two types of gram positive cocci?

Answer 4

Staphylococcus (clusters)

Streptococcus (chains)

Question 5

What differentiates between staphylococcus and streptococcus?

Answer 5

Staph= catalase positive
Strep= catalase negative

Question 6

What does haemolysis on blood agar differentiate?

Answer 6

Alpha and beta streptococci

Question 7

What colour do haemolysis blood agar test?

Answer 7

Alpha- greening

Beta- clearing

Question 8

What does the optochin test distinguish?

Answer 8

It distinguishes between optochin sensitive and resitant gram positive alpha streptocci

Question 9

What is a optochin sensitive alpha streptococci?

Answer 9

S.Pneumoniae

Question 10

What is a optochin resistant alpha streptococci?

Answer 10

S.viridans

Question 11

What test distinguish different beta streptococci and which result is important?

Answer 11

The Lancefield group (A,B,C,D) with A being S.Pyogenes

Question 12

How are staphylococcus distinguished?

Answer 12

The coagulase test

Question 13

What does a positive coagulase positive test indicate?

Answer 13

S.Aureus

Question 14

What staphylcoccus are negative on the coagulase test?

Answer 14

S.epidermidis and S.saprophiticus

Question 15

What are the 2 types of gram positive bacilli?

Answer 15

Aerobic (listeria monocytogenes) and anaerobic (c.diff)

Question 16

what bacteria are gram negative cocci?

Answer 16

N. gonorrhoea and N. meningitidis

Question 17

What distinguishes gram negative bacilli?

Answer 17

MacConkey plate grows lactose fermenters and non-lactose fermenters

Question 18

What colour are lactose fermenters?

Answer 18

Pink

Question 19

What bacteria are lactose fermenters?

Answer 19

Gram negative bacilli such as E.coli and Kelbsiella pneumoniae

Question 20

What test distinguishes non- lactose fermenters?

Answer 20

Oxidase test

Question 21

What do the results of the oxidase test show?

Answer 21

Negative indicates enterobacteria and psuedmonas such as p.aeruginosa

Question 22

Which antibiotics inhibit cell wall synthesis?

Answer 22

Glycopeptides and beta lactams

Question 23

What type of antibiotic in vancomycin?

Answer 23

It is a glycopeptide that inhibits cell wall synthesis

Question 24

What are examples of beta lactams?

Answer 24

Penicilins (flucoxacillin and amoxicillin)

Cephalosporins (cephalexin, cefuroxime) and carbapnems (imipenem, ertapenem)

Question 25

What does trimethorpim do?

Answer 25

It inhibits folate synthsis

Question 26

What does fluroquinolones do?

Answer 26

Inhibit DNA gyrase

Question 27

What does rifampicin do?

Answer 27

It binds to RNA polymerase to inhibit nucleic acid synthesis

Question 28

What does metronidazole do?

Answer 28

It breaks the DNA strand

Question 29

Which antibiotics inhibit protein synthesis?

Answer 29

Clarithromycin, erythromycin and gentamycin

Question 30

What system determines the severity of pneumonia?

Answer 30

CURB65

Question 31

Which bacterial pneumonia is associated with HIV?

Answer 31

Pneumocyctis jiroveci

Question 32

What is a complication of COPD?

Answer 32

Pneumonia caused by haemophilus influenza

Question 33

What bacteria causes legionnaires pneumonia?

Answer 33

Legionella pneumophilia

Question 34

What antibiotics are used to treat UTIs?

Answer 34

Trimethoprim or nitrofurantroin

Question 35

What infection spreads upwards from a UTI causing loin to groin pain?

Answer 35

Pyelonephritis

Question 36

What bacteria causes cellulitis?

Answer 36

s.pyogenes and s.aureus

Question 37

What antibioctics are used to treat cellulitis?

Answer 37

flucoxacillin

Question 38

What would give to someone with suspected sepsis?

Answer 38

15L oxygen Fluids Broad spec antibiotics

Question 39

Sepsis warning signs?

Answer 39

Shivering, Extreme pain, Pale, Sleepy/confused, Impending doom, Sob

Question 40

Name an anti- emetic and an anti-diarrhoeals?

Answer 40

prochlorperazine | loperamide

Question 41

What antibiotics would you give to someone with infective endocarditis?

Answer 41

Amoxicillin and gentamicin

Question 42

What are signs for infective endocarditis?

Answer 42

Roth spots, splinter haemorrhages, Osler's nodes and Janeway lesions

Question 43

What valve does IVDU effect most commonly?

Answer 43

Tricuspid valve

Question 44

Which antibiotics cause c.diff?

Answer 44

Co-amoxicalv, Clindomycin, Cephaslosporins, ciprofloxacin and carbapenems

Question 45

What is the treatment for c.diff

Answer 45

oral vancomycin or metronidazole

Question 46

What medication is linked to c.diff?

Answer 46

PPI

Question 47

What is the treatment of mycobacterium tuberculosis?

Answer 47

Rifampicin, Isoniszid, Pyrazinamide, Ethambutol

Question 48

What are the complications of the TB drugs?

Answer 48

Rifampicin- red urine, hepatitis Isoniazid- Polyneuropathy Pyrazimide- Gout, hepatitis Ethambutol- Optic nueritis

Question 49

What are the difference between gram positive and gram negative bacteria?

Answer 49

+have a thicker peptiglycan layer + have lipoteichoic acid on the outside + do not have lipopolysaccharides on the outside - have 2 outer layers

Question 50

What are enterobacteria?

Answer 50

E.coli, shigella and salmonella

Question 51

What does vancomycin treat?

Answer 51

MRSA and gram +

Question 52

What is used for atypical pneumonia and Gram + treatment?

Answer 52

Clarithromycin and erythromycin

Question 53

What is the treatment for the chest infections?

Answer 53

Doxycyclin

Question 54

What is the treatment for UTIs?

Answer 54

Trimethoprim and nitrofurantoin

Question 55

What virus causes chicken pox and shingle?

Answer 55

Varicella zoster

Question 56

What causes the black plague?

Answer 56

Yersina spp

Question 57

What causes cholera?

Answer 57

Vibrio cholerae

Question 58

What causes whooping cough?

Answer 58

Bordetella pertusis

Question 59

What is the most common food poison cause?

Answer 59

campylobacter