DSA (Karius)

Question 1

The location in the brain that makes the NT is the location of the ______.

Answer 1

Cell bodies

Question 2

Where is norepinephrine found?

Answer 2

Primary: Locus Coeruleus in the pons

Can be found in other pontine and medullary areas

Question 3

Where is epinephrine found?

Answer 3

Medulla

Question 4

What is the precursor of epinephrine and norepinephrine

Answer 4

Tyrosine –> Dopamine

Question 5

What moves epinephrine and norepinephrine into vesicles?

Answer 5

VMAT1 and VMAT2

Question 6

What blocks epinephrine and norepinephrine into vesicles?

Answer 6

Reserpine

Question 7

Where is dopamine produced?

Answer 7

Substantia Nigra

Question 8

Where is dopamine found in the brain?

Answer 8

Basal ganglia
Hypothalamus
Limbic system

Question 9

Where is serotonin produced?

Answer 9

Raphe Nuclei in brainstem

Question 10

Where is serotonin found in the brain?

Answer 10

Hypothalamus
Limbic system
Cerebellum

Question 11

What is the precursor of serotonin?

Answer 11

Tryptophan

Question 12

What does the receptor 5HT3 for?

Answer 12

Area Postrema (Vomiting)

Question 13

What does the receptor 5HT6 for?

Answer 13

Anti-Depressant effect

Question 14

Where is histamine found?

Answer 14

Tuberomammillary nucleus of Hypothalamus

Question 15

Where is acetylcholine found?

Answer 15

Midbrain (basal ganglia) and pons

Question 16

What is the function of acetylcholine?

Answer 16

Wakefulness and Motor Control

Question 17

What are the two major inhibitory amino acids?

Answer 17

GABA and Glycine

Question 18

Where is GABA more commonly found?

Answer 18

Higher levels of CNS

Can be found in spinal cord, but limited

Question 19

What is the function of GABA?

Answer 19

Consciousness
Motor Control
Vision

Question 20

How is GABA removed from the synapse?

Answer 20

GAT1: picks up GABA on presynaptic terminal and repackages it into vesicle
GAT2: GABA converted to glutamine, released into ECF, and recycled into GABA

Question 21

Where is glycine more commonly found

Answer 21

Major: Spinal cord

Also can be found in brainstem and higher levels of medulla

Question 22

What are examples of purines?

Answer 22

ATP
ADP
Adenosine

Question 23

Where are purines found?

Answer 23

Everywhere in CNS! Especially cortex, cerebellum hippocampus, and basal ganglia

Question 24

What do P1 receptors do?

Answer 24

Sleep induction and general inhibition of neural function

Question 25

What do P2X and P2Y receptors do?

Answer 25

Learning, memory, and modification of locomotor pathways

Question 26

Opioids include what peptides?

Answer 26

Endorphins Enkephalins Dynorphins Nociceptin

Question 27

Where are opioids located?

Answer 27

Basal Ganglia Hypothalamus Pons/Medulla

Question 28

What is the function of opioids?

Answer 28

Modification of nociceptive inputs | Mood/Affect

Question 29

What happens when Mu opioid receptors are activated?

Answer 29

``` Analgesia (inability to feel pain) Respiratory depression Euphoria Constipation Sedation ```

Question 30

What happens when Kappa opioid receptors are activated?

Answer 30

Analgesia (inability to feel pain) Dysphoria ( generalized dissatisfaction) Diuresis (increased production of urine) Miosis (constriction of the pupil)

Question 31

What happens when Delta opioid receptors are activated?

Answer 31

Analgesia (inability to feel pain)

Question 32

Where are endocannabinoids found?

Answer 32

Basal Ganglia Cortex Spinal Cord

Question 33

What are the function of endocannabinoids?

Answer 33

Neuroprotection Mood Nociception

Question 34

Where are endocannabinoids derived from?

Answer 34

Membrane lipids: arachidonic acids

Question 35

What does the CB1 receptor do?

Answer 35

Reduces EAA and GABA release

Question 36

What does the CB2 receptor do?

Answer 36

Responds to injury or inflammation

Question 37

What are the two excitatory amino acids?

Answer 37

Glutamate and Aspartate

Question 38

Where are excitatory amino acids found?

Answer 38

Everywhere in CNS

Question 39

What is there an influx of when NMDA receptors are activated?

Answer 39

Calcium

Question 40

What is a mandatory co-agonist of NMDA receptors?

Answer 40

Glycine

Question 41

What normally blocks NMDA channels at resting membrane potential?

Answer 41

Magnesium | PCP

Question 42

What are the two types of non-NMDA receptors?

Answer 42

AMPA | Kainate

Question 43

What is there an influx of when AMPA receptors are activated?

Answer 43

Sodium

Question 44

How does benzodiazepines influence AMPA receptors?

Answer 44

Reduce sodium flow

Question 45

What is there an influx of when Kainate receptors are activated?

Answer 45

Sodium and Calcium

Question 46

How do NMDA receptors produce an EPSP?

Answer 46

Step 1: Non-NMDA receptors are activated, leading to a regular EPSP Step 2: This EPSP dislodges the Magnesium Step 3: Calcium influx through NMDA receptor activates longer than normal EPSP

Question 47

What do NMDA receptors play a role in?

Answer 47

Short and Long Term memory formation

Question 48

How are EAA actions limited?

Answer 48

Step 1: EAA is taken up by glial cell Step 2: EAA is converted to glutamine, making it inactive Step 3: Glutamine returns to pre-synaptic neuron and its converted back into EAA

Question 49

NMDA creates what potential harmful substance?

Answer 49

Nitric Oxide

Question 50

How is nitric oxide created and released?

Answer 50

Step 1: Influx of calcium binds to calcineurin in NMDA receptors Step 2: Activation of NOS Step 3: Arginine cleaves NOS into NO and Citrulline Step 4: NO is extremely lipid soluble and goes back to pre-synaptic neuron

Question 51

What is the neural function of NO?

Answer 51

Long term potentiation in hippocampus and cerebellum

Question 52

What is the immunological role of NO?

Answer 52

Produced by macrophages due to its toxicity

Question 53

What is the cardiovascular role of NO?

Answer 53

Vasodilation | Relaxation of smooth muscle

Question 54

What can NO produce that is toxic to neurons?

Answer 54

Free radicals