Lecture 1: Gross Brain, Brainstem, and Spinal Cord (Part 1)

Question 1

What are the subdivisions of the brain?

Answer 1

• Forebrain
  
  • Cerebral Hemispheres
  • Diencephalon (thalamus structure)
• Cerebellum
• Brainstem

Question 2

What areas contain gray matter in the brain?

Answer 2

Neuronal Cell Bodies (includes nucleus)

Dendrites

Question 3

What areas compose the white matter in the brain?

What are important terms regarding white matter?

Answer 3

Axons (can be covered with myelin)

• Fasciculus
• Funiculus
• Lemniscus
• Peduncle
• Tract

Question 4

What is a gyrus?

Answer 4

Ridge of cortical tissue

Results from folding

Question 5

What is a fissure?

Answer 5

Particularly deep sulci

Question 6

What is a sulcus?

Answer 6

Groove located between gyri

Question 7

What is the importance of gyri and sulci?

Answer 7

Increases total cortical area and total number of cortical neurons

Question 8

What does the central sulcus divide?

Answer 8

Frontal and Parietal Lobe

Question 9

What does the lateral sulcus divide?

Answer 9

Frontal and Parietal Lobe from Temporal Lobe

Question 10

What does the parietooccipital sulcus divide?

Answer 10

Parietal Lobe and Occipital Lobe

Question 11

What does the cingulate sulcus divide?

Answer 11

Frontal and Parietal Lobe from Lingual Lobe (cingulate + parahippocampal gyrus)

Question 12

What are the boundaries of the limbic lobe?

Answer 12

Strip of cortex that appears encircles the telencephalon-diencephalon junction

• Between the corpus callosum & frontal, parietal, and occipital lobes
• Curves around to occupy part of the medial surface of the temporal lobe

Question 13

What gyri are found in the frontal lobe?

Answer 13

• Precentral Gyrus
• Superior Frontal Gyrus
• Middle Frontal Gyrus
• Inferior Frontal Gyrus

Question 14

Where is the primary motor cortex contained in the brain?

Answer 14

Precentral frontal gyrus

Controls voluntary movement

Question 15

What is the action of the premotor and supplementary motor areas of the frontal lobe?

Answer 15

Planning and initiating voluntary movements

Question 16

What parts of the brain make up Broca’s Area?

Answer 16

Opercular and Triangular Parts of Inferior frontal gyrus

Question 17

Which hemisphere contains Broca’s area?

Answer 17

Left (Usually)

Question 18

What is the action of Broca’s area?

Answer 18

Motor aspects of written and spoken language

(speaking, handwriting, texting)

Question 19

What is the action of the prefrontal cortex?

Answer 19

Executive Functions: personality, decision making, insight, foresight

Most anterior part of frontal lobe

Question 20

What gyri are found in the parietal lobe?

Answer 20

• Postcentral Gyrus
• Superior Parietal Gyrus
• Inferior Parietal Gyrus

Question 21

Where is the primary somatosensory cortex located?

Answer 21

Postcentral parietal gyrus

Question 22

What is the primary somatosensory cortex responsible for?

Answer 22

Processing tactile and propioceptive information, sensory localization

Question 23

What part of the parietal lobe is involved in language comprehension?

Answer 23

Inferior parietal lobule

Usually left hemisphere

Question 24

What are some other jobs of the parietal lobe?

Answer 24

Spatial Orientation

Directing Attention

Question 25

What is a homonculus?

Answer 25

* A somatotopic map in the postcentral gyrus that reflects the amount of innervation to a given body area * Spatialy distorted * Coronal cut * Sensory and motor map

Question 26

What gyri are found in the temporal lobe?

Answer 26

* Superior Temporal Gyrus * Middle Temporal Gyrus * Inferior Temporal Gyrus

Question 27

Where is Wernicke's area located?

Answer 27

**Primary Auidtory Cortex:** Superior temporal gyrus (posterior portion and some of inferior parietal lobule) Supramarginal Gyrus + Angular Gyrus

Question 28

Which hemisphere usually contains Wernicke's area?

Answer 28

Left

Question 29

What is the action of Wernicke's area?

Answer 29

Language Comprehension

Question 30

Where is the primary auditory cortex located?

Answer 30

Superior Temporal Gyrus

Question 31

What does the medial part of the temporal lobe do?

Answer 31

Learning Memory

Question 32

What parts of brain mostly compose the limbic lobe?

Answer 32

* Cingulate Gyrus * Parahippocampal Gyrus: learning and memory

Question 33

What is the bump at the anterior end of the parahippocampal gyrus called?

Answer 33

Uncus

Question 34

What limbic structure is located beneath the uncus of the temporal lobe?

Answer 34

Amygdala

Question 35

What actions/responses is the limbic lobe responsible for?

Answer 35

* Emotional response * Drive-related behavior * Memory

Question 36

What part of the cerebral cortex is responsible for taste?

Answer 36

Insula

Question 37

Where is the insula? What outlines it?

Answer 37

* Buried in lateral sulcus * Can be seen by removing opercula * Outlined by the _circular sulcus_

Question 38

What gyri are found in the occiptal lobe?

Answer 38

* Cuneus * Lingual Gyrus * Occipitotemporal Gyrus * Lateral Occipital Gyrus

Question 39

Where is the cuneus found?

Answer 39

Between parietooccipital sulcus and calcarine sulcus

Question 40

Between what two sulci is the cuneus of the occipital lobe located between?

Answer 40

Parietooccipital sulcus Calcarine sulcus

Question 41

Where is the primary visual cortex?

Answer 41

Walls of the Calcarine Sulcus