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HE ED 321 > Dual Processing Models > Flashcards

Dual Processing Models Flashcards

1
Q

Dual process models

A
  • Includes automatic cognitive processes that happen outside of conscious awareness
  • Dual: Includes ignored reasoned processes
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2
Q

Frequent repetition

A
  • If something is familiar, it is hard to distinguish from truth, even if false
  • We absorb and believe
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3
Q

Heuristics

A
  • Mental shortcut allowing people to make decisions quickly, even if incorrect
  • We use them to reduce task complexity of our thinking, judgement, and choice
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4
Q

Biases

A
  • The resulting gaps between normative and heuristically determined behaviour
  • Gap between what we actually do and heuristics
  • They are important and influence us!
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5
Q

Cognitive Biases

A

-Systematic errors in judgement (the ways we think) based on heuristics

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6
Q

Confirmation Bias

A
  • Happens when we have preconception/hypothesis about an issue
  • We tend to favour information that corresponds with prior beliefs and disregard contrary evidence
  • We search, code, and interpret information consistent with our assumptions
  • Confirms our own beliefs–> this is truth because what I see matches what I believe
  • Ties into our ego –> we search for what we believe in
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7
Q

Health behaviour confirmation bias

A
  • Think about things you do/don’t enjoy doing

- E.g. don’t want COVID vaccine so search for information to support against the vaccine

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8
Q

Hindsight Bias

A
  • People evaluate events after they occurred and judge it as more predictable than it was before it happened
  • “I KNEW this was going to happen”
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9
Q

Health behaviour hindsight bias

A
  • “I am currently in this health state because I knew what would happen if I didn’t do this”
  • Others use this to affect our health and motivation –> “I told you this would happen if you did that”
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10
Q

Bias Blindspot

A

-We recognize others’ bias but not how we are personally biased

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11
Q

Automatic processing

A
  • System 1
  • Automatic: memory activated association
  • Fast: brain operating quickly (10-15ms)
  • Low cognitive effort: not spending mental energy for processes to happen
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12
Q

Reasoned Processing

A
  • System 2
  • Deliberative: Choosing to think
  • Slow: Taking time to think (<1 second)
  • High cognitive effort: thinking is hard work and it takes effort to choose
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13
Q

“Humans are lazy thinkers” means…

A
  • We default to System 1 and tend to make decisions form it

- We default to heuristics and biases and do things without thinking why we are doing them

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14
Q

Habits

A
  • Default response unless there is motivation to change behaviour
  • Behaviour done with little thinking that occur by repeatedly performing a goal-directed behaviour in the same context
  • e.g. Taking stairs instead of elevator (Behavioural habit)
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15
Q

How do habits develop?

A

With intermittent reinforcement and repetition

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16
Q

Intermittent reinforcement

A

You keep coming back because an unknown. (e.g. slot machines)

17
Q

When do we use habits?

A
  • When stressed or have impaired executive functioning

- Stress = less ability to cope and think

18
Q

Impaired executive functioning

A
  • Our ability to think

- e.g. Self regulatory processes, ability to stop and think about goals

19
Q

How do habits change?

A
  • Habits don’t become less strong
  • We get better at being able to say No or change/increase our cognitive control
  • Increased abilities (e.g. self regulatory processes)
  • We can work to try to control it
  • First step is knowing what context it is happening in and why you are doing it/why it is affecting you
20
Q

Do people know of their habitual behaviour?

A
  • People are likely aware of habitual behaviour but unaware of triggering cues
  • e.g. Not thinking about how a grocery store is lad out
21
Q

The Reflective Impulsive Model

A
  • Impulsive = System 1
  • Reflective/Reasoned = System 2
  • it is always back and forth; our emotions operate automatically
  • E.g. you can have an automatic negative association of exercise as unpleasant but become persuaded that it is fun and then choose to bet active
22
Q

Automatic Processes

A
  • Associations in memory
  • Result of the interaction between pre-existing associations and current external inputs
  • If we see things repeated or paired often/ in certain contexts, we associate them in our long term memories (not front of mind/working memories)
23
Q

Reflective processes

A
  • AKA Reasoned responses
  • Reasoning about the validity of automatically activated associations
  • Stopping to think about something
  • Something brought to front of mind but you stop to think if it is actually true/ whether you believe the bias or stereotype
  • Take the time to think
  • System 2
24
Q

Automatic Processes that influence our health behaviours

A
  • Habits
  • Impulses
  • Affect
25
Q

Impulses

A
  • Immediate response to approach rewarding stimuli
  • We are automatically impulsively drawn to things that reward us
  • e.g. do what you want because it is rewarding
26
Q

Affect

A
  • Emotions
  • We do things we like to do and do those more automatically than things we don’t like to do and need motivation for
  • It is easier to do behaviour you want to think about if you actually like doing it
  • Harder to be motivated if you are trying to motivate yourself to do something you don’t like to do
27
Q

Impulsive processes around food

A
  • We respond to food ads emotionally that is under the radar of critical thinking
  • Some ads promise intense taste experience and make us have intimate relationship with products
  • We know we are being manipulated but if in a rush, we may not stop to think
  • Our food environments are being manipulated and created to help us make an impulsive choice
28
Q

Using Implementation Intentions to stop an impulsive choice

A

“IF I am in this situation and I know it will cause me trouble, THEN…”

29
Q

What affects Affect?

A
  • Environmental cues activate affective associations (things in our environment remind us about things and trigger emotions; e.g. hearing favorite song so we feel happy)
  • Subsequent controlled, reflective evaluations of PA depend on the affective response (we need to think about our attitudes, intentions, and motivations)
  • Sometimes the motivational hurdle is just working through our emotional response
30
Q

How can we overcome automatic behaviours?

A
  • If we have coping skills to handle stress = overcome automatic behaviours
  • If we have strong associations but have strong executive skills, we can override automatic behaviours!
  • When strongly motivated, we can overcome the superficial factors that produce illusions of truth
  • e.g. “I don’t believe these superficial factors that the chips are as good as the ad is trying to tell me… so I overcome”
31
Q

Implicit Attitudes Test

A
  • A way we can measure operationalizing automatic associations that are triggered
  • Response time task to categorize items as quickly as possible under time pressure
  • Assumption: people respond more rapidly when the concept and attribute mapped onto the same response are strongly associated (mapped on the same response key)
32
Q

Implicit Attitudes

A
  • Can be based on memory associated between concepts that are not based on truth or reflect automatically activated propositions that may be subjectively thought to be true
  • e.g. May find out you are strongly associating women with negative things, but don’t believe that; the memory associations are there because of things we see and you have to work to overcome it
33
Q

Sedentary Behaviour and Implicit Attitudes Study

A
  • Higher implicit attitudes/ associations of sedentary with happy = lower PA in people with LOW and MODERATE executive functions, but not high executive functions
  • People with lower levels of executive functions (less able to self-regulate, stop and think, less goal setting skills, etc) did not engage in PA; less able to forego immediate pleasures/impulsive needs
  • Strong executive functions could override automatic processes and impulsive needs
  • We may have strong associations to being sedentary but if we ALSO have strong executive skills, we can override that!*
34
Q

Gut Reactions

A
  • Associations that exist in memory
  • System 1
  • Emotional
  • Created through learning and experience

HE ED 321 (9 decks)

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