Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

24otigjeflbklksjglw > dvo 1 > Flashcards

dvo 1 Flashcards

1
Q

absorption spectrum

A

a continuous spectrum interrupted
by dark bands, observed when light
passing through a substance is absorbed at specific
frequencies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

atomic spectroscopy

A

the process of identifying
the elemental makeup of a given sample by analyzing
the wavelengths of light it emits or absorbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

becquerel (Bq) –

A

the standard unit of radioactivity, equal to one decay per second

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Bohr radius

A

a physical constant equal to the most
probable distance between the electron and the
nucleus in the ground state of hydrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Bose-Einstein condensate

A

a state of matter in
which a collection of bosons is cooled to very
nearly absolute zero, at which point a large fraction
of the bosons occupy the lowest energy (i.e.,
ground) quantum state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

boson

A

any particle with integer spin, including
photons; bosons do not obey the Pauli exclusion
principle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

break-even

A

the point at which the energy output
from a fusion reactor equals the energy input to
heat the plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

breeder reactor –

A

a nuclear fission reactor that produces
more nuclear fuel than it takes in, while
generating power

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

bubble chamber

A

a device for visualizing the path
of radiation as a trail of bubbles in a superheated
liquid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

cloud chamber

A

a particle detector in which ionizing
radiation passing through a vapor-filled
chamber forms a visible trail

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

corpuscular theory

A

a theory, made famous by
Isaac Newton, stating that light is made up of a
stream of particles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

correspondence principle

A

a principle put forward
by Niels Bohr which states that the predictions
of quantum mechanics should agree with classical
(pre-quantum) physics in the limit of large
energies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

cosmic rays

A

high-energy radiation that originates

from outside the Solar System

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

curie (Ci)

A

a non-standard unit of radioactivity,

equal to 3.7 × 1010 decays per second

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Curie temperature

A

the characteristic temperature
of a magnetic material above which its magnetic
properties undergo an abrupt change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

cyclotron

A

a type of particle accelerator, invented
by Ernest Lawrence, that accelerates charged
particles along a spiral path

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

decay constant

A

a characteristic quantity of a radioactive
isotope that is inversely proportional
to its half-life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

decay rate

A

the rate at which radioactive isotopes
undergo radioactive decay, expressed in the
number of decay events per unit time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

diamagnetic

A

describes materials in which the
magnetic moments of individual atoms tend to
oppose an externally applied magnetic field

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

electron volt (eV) –

A

a unit of energy equal to
1.6 × 10−19 joules, used to quantify energy transfers
on the atomic scale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

emission spectrum

A

– bands of light at specific frequencies,
emitted by a source of electromagnetic
radiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

fermion

A

any particle with half-integer spin, including
electrons; all fermions obey the Pauli
exclusion principle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

ferromagnetic

A

describes materials in which the
magnetic spins of nearby atoms tend to align
with one another, resulting in a permanent
magnet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

fissile

A

describes a material that will undergo fission

upon collision with slow neutrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

fission products

A

the largest “fragments” of nucleus resulting from a fission reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

fusion ignition

A

the point at which a nuclear fusion

reaction becomes self-sustaining

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Geiger counter

A

a device for detecting the presence
of ionizing radiation using a gas-filled chamber
surrounding a charged wire

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

induced radioactivity

A

the initiation of a radioactive
decay process through artificial means, such
as particle bombardment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

ionization energy

A

the energy required to completely
remove the outermost electron from an
atom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

laser cooling

A

the technique of slowing atoms using

specially tuned laser light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

magnetic moment

A

a measure of an object’s tendency

to align with a magnetic field

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

meltdown

A

an informal term for overheating of a
nuclear reactor, resulting in severe damage to
the reactor core

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

moderator

A

a substance that surrounds the nuclear
fuel in a reactor and slows emitted neutrons in
order to make them more likely to be absorbed
and thus initiate subsequent fission reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

photoelectric effect

A

the emission of electrons
from the surface of a material when it is illuminated
with light of certain frequencies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Pauli exclusion principle

A

a quantum mechanical
principle stating that two identical fermions
cannot occupy the same quantum state; equivalently,
no two fermions can have the same set of
values for their quantum numbers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

paramagnetic

A

describes materials in which the
magnetic moments of individual atoms tend to
align with an externally applied magnetic field,
but which become demagnetized when the field
is removed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

neutrino

A

an electrically neutral particle with an
extremely small mass that tends to pass straight
through ordinary matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

plasma

A

a state of matter composed of free electrons

and positively charged ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

population inversion

A

a necessary condition for
laser operation, in which more members of a
collection of atoms are in an excited state than
are in lower energy states

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

proton-proton chain

A

a series of nuclear fusion reactions
in many stars, including the Sun, that
gradually convert hydrogen into helium while
producing energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Q value

A

a characteristic value of a nuclear reaction,
equal to the difference in mass between
the parent nucleus and daughter nuclei

42
Q

quantum tunneling –

A

a phenomenon in which the
wave properties of matter allow a particle to exist
in a region where it would otherwise be forbidden
according to classical mechanics

43
Q

radiometric dating

A

a technique for estimating the
age of a material by comparing the decay rates
of radioactive isotopes it contains with known decay rates

44
Q

relative atomic mass

A

the average atomic mass of
an element, weighted by occurrence in nature,
which is often included on periodic tables

45
Q

Rydberg formula

A

a formula that describes the
wavelengths of light within emission spectra of
various elements

46
Q

scintillation counter

A

a device for detecting and
measuring ionizing radiation by allowing it to
excite a scintillator material

47
Q

sievert (Sv)

A

a unit of effective dose of ionizing

radiation

48
Q

stimulated emission

A

the process in which an incoming
photon causes an excited atom to drop to
a lower energy level, thereby emitting a photon
in the same direction as the incident photon

49
Q

thermonuclear fusion

A

the means of achieving

nuclear fusion using extremely high temperatures

50
Q

threshold energy

A

the minimum energy required

to initiate an endothermic reaction

51
Q

tokamak

A

a doughnut-shaped device for containing

a plasma using overlapping magnetic fields

52
Q

ultraviolet catastrophe –

A

the contradiction between
the classical model of blackbody radiation with
experimental results in the early twentieth century;
resolved by the Planck hypothesis

53
Q

wave function

A

a mathematical function that contains
all information about a quantum state of
one or more particles

54
Q

X-rays

A

electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths
between 0.1 and 10 nanometers; X-rays
are more energetic than ultraviolet light but less
energetic than gamma rays

55
Q

Zeeman effect

A

the splitting of atomic energy levels

when an external magnetic field is applied

56
Q

Wolfgang Pauli

A

In 1925, suggested that no two electrons in an atom can share all
four quantum numbers; in 1930, theorized the neutrino

57
Q

Advisory Committee on

Uranium

A

Committee formed by Roosevelt in response to Leo Szilard’s

letter; provided recommendations for nuclear research

58
Q

Atomic Energy Commission

A

Organization which assumed control of the atomic program in

1947

59
Q

CERN

A

Organization supporting the Large Hadron Collider

60
Q

Clinton Engineer Works

A

Organization established by the Army Corps of Engineers; later
became Oak Ridge National Laboratory

61
Q

Department of Energy

A

Established in 1977 by Jimmy Carter; currently manages the

National Laboratories

62
Q

Emergency Committee of

Atomic Scientists

A

Group founded by Albert Einstein in 1946 to promote peaceful

atomic applications

63
Q

Energy Research and

Development Administration

A

Agency which partially replaced the Atomic Energy Commission in
1974

64
Q

Hanford Engineer Works

A

Housed the B Reactor, a plutonium generating reactor

65
Q

International Atomic Energy

Agency

A

Founded by United Nations in 1957; promotes peaceful use of

nuclear materials; prevents the proliferation of nuclear weapons

66
Q

Lawrence Livermore National

Laboratory

A

Site of the National Ignition Facility

67
Q

Los Alamos

A

Also known as Site Y; research area constructed to bring together
scientists working on the Manhattan Project

68
Q

National Defense Research

Committee

A

Proposed by Vannevar Bush to oversee development of the

atomic bomb

69
Q

National Institute of

Standards and Technology

A

Agency which regulates standards of measurements; defined the
second in terms of cesium 137’s oscillating frequency

70
Q

Nuclear Regulatory

Commission

A

Agency that partially replaced the Atomic Energy Commission in
1974

71
Q

Oak Ridge National

Laboratory

A

Laboratory that grew out of the Clinton Engineer Works

72
Q

Project Y

A

Weapons development laboratory of the Manhattan Project; led

by J. Robert Oppenheimer

73
Q

S-1 Committee

A

Subcommittee of the NRDC investigating uranium enrichment;

included Ernest O. Lawrence

74
Q

Scientific Advisory Panel

A

Rejected a public demonstration of the nuclear bomb

75
Q

Atomic Energy Act of 1946

A

Placed atomic research under civilian control; passed by Harry
Truman

76
Q

Atomic Energy Act of 1954

A

Signed by Eisenhower; permitted the development of civilian

nuclear power plants

77
Q

Atoms for Peace

A

Address delivered by President Eisenhower to the United Nations;
outlined a commitment to peaceful atomic uses

78
Q

May-Johnson Bill

A

Bill proposed in October 1945; would continue military oversight
over atomic research; opposed by Szilard

79
Q

McMahon Bill

A

Bill proposed in December 1945 to oppose the May-Johnson Bill;
placed atomic research under civilian control; incorporated in the
Atomic Energy Act of 1946

80
Q

Nuclear Non-Proliferation

Act of 1978

A

Signed by President Carter; prevented the spread of nuclear

materials for weapons use, but allowed for peaceful use

81
Q

Nuclear Non-Proliferation

Treaty

A

Signed in 1968 by 69 nations; prevented new nations from

acquiring nuclear weapons

82
Q

Alcohol vapor

A

Substance used in cloud chambers

83
Q

Antineutrino

A

Antiparticle of the neutrino; released in beta minus decay

84
Q

Balmer series

A

Set of hydrogen’s spectral lines caused by transition to the n=2
energy level

85
Q

Big Science

A

Model for federally funded research, as described by Alvin

Weinberg

86
Q

Corpuscule

A

Theoretical infinitely divisible particles proposed by Isaac Newton

87
Q

Free radical

A

Neutral atom with unpaired electrons; created by radiation; forms
harmful compounds in the body

88
Q

Magnetic resonance imaging

A

Using power magnetics and radio waves to perform diagnostic

imaging of patients

89
Q

Muon

A

Particle discovered in a cloud chamber

90
Q

Three Mile Island accident

A

Nuclear accident on March 28 1979 in Pennsylvania; worst nuclear
accident in American history but did not have any health impacts

91
Q

Uranium hexafluoride

A

Gas used in gas diffusion enrichment

92
Q

Fukushima Daiichi nuclear

accident

A

Nuclear disaster following an earthquake on March 11th, 2011;
forced evacuations of the surrounding area

93
Q

Chernobyl accident

A

Worst nuclear power incident in history on April 26, 1986 in the
Soviet Union; released 400 times more radiation than Hiroshima

94
Q

CNO cycle

A

Reactions in very hot, large stars; converts hydrogen to helium via
carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen; proposed by Hans Bethe in 1939

95
Q

Compton scattering

A

Discovered in 1923; scattering of X-ray radiation off free electrons;
unexplainable by the wave model of light and classical physics

96
Q

Coulomb barrier

A

Energy barrier preventing fusion reactants from colliding

97
Q

de Broglie hypothesis

A

Relation of a particle’s momentum with its wavelength

98
Q

Doppler cooling

A

Method of selectively slowing atoms in laser cooling

99
Q

Doppler effect

A

Frequency shift caused by relative motion between the observer
and wave emitter; used in laser cooling

100
Q

Fizzle

A

Situation in which a nuclear weapon prematurely detonates

without reaching its expected yield

24otigjeflbklksjglw (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions