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24otigjeflbklksjglw > nya 2 > Flashcards

nya 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Broadway

A

the collective nickname for the theater
district in New York, since the major theaters
are clustered near the street named Broadway

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2
Q

bottleneck

A

– a guitar technique in which a finger of
the left hand is inserted into the sawed-off neck
of a glass bottle so that the finger can glide up
and down the strings smoothly (used in crossroad blues)

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3
Q

border blaster

A

a radio station operating just outside
U.S. borders (and therefore outside of U.S.
restrictions), usually broadcasting with a very
strong signal; also known as an X station because
of the “X” that launches its call letters

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4
Q

boogie-woogie

A

a jazz (and blues) piano style in
which the left hand plays a heavy, bouncy, repetitive
pattern while the right hand performs
syncopated melodies

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5
Q

book

A

a twentieth-century theatrical term for the
overall storyline and the spoken dialogue of a
Broadway show

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6
Q

blues

A

a style of music that originated among African
Americans as a way to lament problems and
unhappiness; it relies on a customary sequence
of chords—often in a twelve-bar pattern—and
a standard AAB rhyme scheme

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7
Q

block voicing

A

– a jazz arranging technique in which
instruments that belong to the same family are
assigned similar music to play (so that trumpets
are grouped together, or saxophones, or trombones,
etc.); also called sectional writing

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8
Q

blimp, camera blimp

A

– a soundproof housing that
encases a movie camera, muffling the sound of
the camera’s motor, so it is not picked up by the
microphone

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9
Q

The Billboard

A

a magazine devoted to tracking
trends in entertainment, especially music broadcasts
and record sales

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10
Q

bichord

A

the use of two conventional chords simultaneously

also called polychord

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11
Q

bebop

A

a modern jazz style that requires substantial
virtuosity because of its complex melodies,
rhythms, and harmonies; its irregular phrasing discourages dancing and encourages listening.

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12
Q

baritone

A

– the designation for a male voice that is

lower than a tenor and higher than a bass

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13
Q

avant-garde

A

– a French term for “military vanguard”;
it has been adopted as a description of
cutting

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14
Q

augmentation

A

the lengthening of a melody or
rhythm by increasing the duration (usually proportionally)
of all of its notes

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15
Q

arpeggio

A

– a technique in which the individual
pitches of a chord are played in rapid succession
rather than simultaneously, in the manner that
one would strum a guitar or harp

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16
Q

American Theatre Wing –

A

a Broadway support
organization that undertook projects to support
troops during both world wars; they are
now best known as the society that sponsors the
Tony Awards.

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17
Q

alternation form

A

a pattern related to verse-chorus
form, but one in which the “chorus” (b) has new
words each time. It can be diagrammed as a-ba-b
(etc.)

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18
Q

a cappella

A

translated literally, it means “in the
church (chapel) style”; for musicians, it has come
to mean vocal music without instruments

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19
Q

Articulation

A

The mechanics of beginning and ending a sound

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20
Q

Atonal

A

Music that lacks a fixed tonal center; deviation from common-practice
harmony; championed by early 20th
-century composers like Schoenberg

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21
Q

Bass line

A

The lowest “voice” in a sequence of chords; often the harmonic root

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22
Q

Blues inflections

A

Characteristic of a blues scale; created by lowering third and/or seventh
scale degrees; influenced by African music; see blue notes

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23
Q

Blues scale

A

A scale that combines characteristics of major and minor scales; third and
seventh degrees can be lowered, normal, or in between

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24
Q

Cantata

A

Musical style of A Survivor from Warsaw

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25
Q

chord changes

A

harmonic progressions

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26
Q

Chromatic harmony

A

Harmony that employs pitches from outside the key of the piece

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27
Q

chromatic pitches

A

Pitches outside the key of a piece (i.e. not found in the scale)

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28
Q

Coda

A

“Tail” in Italian; music that concludes a piece

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29
Q

Comme un oiseau

A

“Like a bird”; notation in the clarinet’s opening melody of Quartet for the
End of Time

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30
Q

Common-practice

tonality

A

An organizational system for pitch and harmony that governs the
harmonies in nearly all Western music

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31
Q

compound meter

A

A meter dividing the beat into three parts; typically indicated by an “8” as
the bottom number in the time signature

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32
Q

Contour

A

general profile of a melody

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33
Q

Counterpoint

A

Process created by Western composers c. 1350 to produce polyphony;
involves many carefully constructed “rules”

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34
Q

Countersubject

A

A companion theme to the fugue subject; not necessary for a fugue

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35
Q

cross-rhythm

A

polyrhythm

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36
Q

Development

A

The second section of a sonata; sounds exploratory and unstable

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37
Q

diatonic

A

“Within the key”; consisting of only pitches found in the key of a piece

38
Q

Double speed

A

Two-notes-per-beat tempo

39
Q

Electrophone

A

An instrument dependent on electricity; produces sound waves using a
mechanical device called an oscillator

40
Q

Emancipation of the

dissonance

A

Idea pioneered by Arnold Schoenberg in the early 20th century
Called for composers to abandon common-practice conventions

41
Q

Exposition

A

The first section of a sonata; presents the two main ideas and contains the
transition

42
Q

French horn

A

First instrument appearing in “Ol’ Man River”

43
Q

Frets

A

Strings or bars on an instrument which indicate pitch level

44
Q

fugue

A

Musical device in which the composer develops a theme using

counterpoint and imitation; helps determine a piece’s form

45
Q

Full cadence

A

A cadence that moves from the dominant harmony to the tonic (V-I)

46
Q

Half cadence

A

A cadence that finishes on the dominant harmony, creating a sense of
hesitation or inconclusiveness

47
Q

halo of strings was developed by

A

alfred newman

48
Q

Harmonic interval

A

An interval in which two pitches sound at the same time

49
Q

Harmonic progression

A

A sequence of chords or intervals that moves from dissonance (tension) to
consonance (resolution); common set of swing chords

50
Q

harmony

A

Music that uses chords; two or more pitches sound at the same time

51
Q

Heterophony

A

Music in which two or more voices produce the same melody at the same
time, with slight variations

52
Q

Homophony

A

Music with two distinct elements, a melody and a harmonic

accompaniment

53
Q

Imitation

A

The approximate repetition of a melody at a different pitch level; central to
fugue technique

54
Q

Inversion

A

Placement of a pitch other than the root of the chord at the bottom;
relationship between river and Cotton Blossom motifs in “Ol’ Man River”,
with the pitches ascending and descending respectively

55
Q

irregular meter

A

Alternation of two different meters in an erratic pattern; a piece with a
steady beat grouped inconsistently

56
Q

jazz improv was common before what year

A

1950

57
Q

Melodic interval

A

Interval in which the two pitches sound one after the other

58
Q

melody

A

Sequence of individual pitches that the ear interprets as a cohesive whole;
only one pitch sounds at a time

59
Q

Mixed meter

A

Use of a rapid-fire series of different meters

60
Q

modal mixture

A

Alteration of one or two pitches in a diatonic triad; typically with parallel
scales

61
Q

modulate

A

change keys

62
Q

Monophony

A

Music that contains only one unaccompanied melodic line

63
Q

Non-functional

harmonies

A

Chords that never resolve; used by Stravinsky and Debussy

64
Q

octatonic scale

A

Scale that alternates whole and half steps, dividing the octave into eight

65
Q

ostinato

A

From Italian for “obstinate”; melodic or rhythmic motive that repeats many
times in succession; appears in “Ol’ Man River’s “river” motif

66
Q

palindrome

A

Technique in Quartet for the End of Time

67
Q

parallel scales

A

ex: C maj & C min

68
Q

partials

A

overtones

69
Q

Plagal cadence

A

IV - I

70
Q

Plectrum

A

Pick for plucking strings

71
Q

Polymeter

A

Overlap of two or more meters simultaneously

72
Q

polyphony

A

Music that features two or more simultaneous melodic lines

73
Q

polyrhythm

A

Presentation of two dissimilar rhythmic patterns simultaneously

74
Q

polytonality

A

Appearance of two different keys simultaneously

75
Q

predominant harmony

A

Harmony that pulls to the dominant; most often supertonic and
subdominant

76
Q

prepared piano

A

Insertion of objects between piano stings; invented by John Cage

77
Q

Recapitulation

A

Final section of the sonata; reintroduces main ideas but lacks a key change

78
Q

Refrain

A

Repetitive chorus; in rondos, the new melodies between refrains

79
Q

Ritornello

A

“Returning material”; first theme in Rhapsody in Blue and its coda

80
Q

rotation occurs in which song

A

string quartet of 1931

81
Q

Sequence

A

Repetition of a short motive (usually under two measures) at a different
pitch

82
Q

shake

A

Jazz technique that the orchestra uses on the last note of “I Got Rhythm”

83
Q

simple meter

A

One-note-per-beat tempo

84
Q

Subito

A

`Sudden change; occurs at the end of “I Got Rhythm”’s introduction

85
Q

syllabic music

A

Music which separates pitch changes with different syllables

86
Q

tessitura

A

Aspect of a melody describing relative amount of pitches in each register

87
Q

tone cluster

A

Henry Cowell technique involving using other parts of the hand to play
multiple pitches at once

88
Q

Transition

A

The key change in the exposition of a sonata

89
Q

tritone

A

Highly dissonant interval consisting of three whole steps

One of the primary sources of tension in Western music

90
Q

tutti

A

“Everyone”; indicates the music includes all performers

91
Q

voice leading

A

System of arranging vocal parts so that each singer sings a relatively
conjunct line; typically achieved by inverting chords

92
Q

wordless voice

A

Tone color often used by Duke Ellington; singer mimics an instrument
rather than delivering lyrics

24otigjeflbklksjglw (10 decks)

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