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24otigjeflbklksjglw > nya 1 > Flashcards

nya 1 Flashcards

1
Q

X station

A

border blaster

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2
Q

wordless voice –

A

a technique in which the voice is
treated like an instrument, performing without
text

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3
Q

word-painting

A

a type of text expression in which
the music tries to create a literal depiction of a
particular word or phrase’s meaning

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4
Q

West End –

A

the collective nickname for the theater
district in London, since the major theaters are
clustered on the western side of the city

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5
Q

Vitaphone –

A

the most successful early sound-ondisc
technology, supported by Warner Bros. and
used for the first talking film

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6
Q

vision song

A

– a number in which a character sings
about something imaginary in such a way that
the singer starts to believe that the vision is real
and/or another character is drawn into believing
the vision

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7
Q

verse-chorus form

A

a pattern diagrammed as a-Ba-B-a-B
(etc.), in which the a verses have differing
text (but a shared melody), while the B
choruses repeat a single melody and the same
words each appearance

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8
Q

verse

A

an introductory vocal passage in a Tin Pan
Alley song; if that opening melody recurs later
in the piece, the result can be described as a
verse-chorus form

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9
Q

USO (United Service Organizations)

A

– a military
welfare agency established by the U.S. government
at the start of WWII by unifying the efforts
of six privately funded organizations: the
YMCA, the YWCA, the National Catholic
Community Service, the National Jewish Welfare
Board, the Salvation Army, and the National
Travelers Aid Association

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10
Q

Ultramodernism

A

a twentieth-century style that
breaks away as much as possible from traditional
musical approaches

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11
Q

tutti

A

“all” or “everyone” in Italian, meaning that

the full ensemble participates simultaneously

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12
Q

tremolo

A

a rapid repetition of a pitch that creates a

“trembling” effect

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13
Q

topical humor

A

comedy that is dependent on the

audience’s awareness of current events

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14
Q

tone cluster

A

a dissonant group of closely adjacent
pitches; clusters on the piano are usually produced
with the fist or forearm

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15
Q

Tin Pan Alley

A

(1) the music publishing district in
New York, centered on 28th Street at the start of
the twentieth century; (2) the type of popular
music issued by these publishers from the 1880s
to the 1950s

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16
Q

tertian harmony

A

the customary technique of
common-practice harmony, consisting of chords
that are built on intervals of a third (C-E-G,
F-A-C, etc.)

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17
Q

tag

A

– a short extension at the end of a chorus

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18
Q

symphonic score

A

– film music that employs orchestral

music

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19
Q

swing

A

(1) a rhythmic device particularly prevalent in jazz; it creates a compound-meter effect by
lengthening the first eighth note in a pair and
subtracting that time from the second note; (2)
a style of jazz usually featuring big-band instrumentation,
carefully planned musical arrangements,
and very danceable beats

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20
Q

string piano –

A

an experimental approach in which
the performer touches the actual piano strings
in various ways (plucking, strumming, stroking)
rather than playing the keys

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21
Q

standard

A

a song that has remained popular for a

long time and has been recorded many times

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22
Q

spiritual

A

a vocal genre developed by African
Americans; it usually has a simple, flexible melody
and conveys a religious message

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23
Q

source music

A

music in a film that the characters

in that scene would be likely to hear

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24
Q

sordino

A

mute

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25
Q

song form

A 
a pattern of repetition that can be
diagrammed as a-a-b-a(
’
)
; a synonym is 32-bar
form, since each letter usually spans eight measures
of music.
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26
Q

solo break

A

a passage in a jazz piece in which the
majority of performers stop playing in order to
feature one soloist

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27
Q

Socialist Realism

A

a Soviet doctrine insisting that
artists must produce readily accessible works,
avoiding anything that would be difficult to understand

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28
Q

shout chorus

A

a loud passage in a jazz piece, usually
featuring the full ensemble playing in the
same rhythm simultaneously; it usually occurs
near the end of the piece to build excitement

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29
Q

short

A

a film lasting only a few minutes

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30
Q

shake

A

an up-and-down pitch oscillation, or “wobble,”

added to particular notes by many jazz musicians

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31
Q

sequence

A

– the successive repetition of a musical

motif or phrase at higher or lower pitch levels

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32
Q

sectional writing

A

block voicing

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33
Q

Scotch snap

A

a short-long rhythmic pattern, with

the short note occurring on a strong pulse

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34
Q

scherzo

A

a joking or particularly fast movement,

usually in a sonata cycle

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35
Q

scat singing

A

a jazz vocal technique in which the performer sings nonsense syllables; the voice is
treated as if it were an instrument

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36
Q

rubato

A

a method of performing with subtle speeding
and slowing of the tempo, sometimes to the
extent that no steady background pulse is felt

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37
Q

rpm

A

the abbreviation for “revolutions per minute,”

which measures the rotation speed of audio recordings

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38
Q

rotation

A

a technique in which a series of pitches
is repeated multiple times, but the initial pitch
each time moves to the back of the line during
successive repetitions

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39
Q

ritornello

A

material that recurs multiple times in a

piece or movement

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40
Q

riff

A

a jazz motif (melodic, rhythmic, or even just
a chord progression) that is repeated in an ostinato
fashion

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41
Q

ride cymbal

A

– a heavier suspended cymbal that allows
the rhythm to remain audible even as the
cymbal is ringing

42
Q

rhythm section

A

the accompanying musicians
(usually piano, string bass, drum set, and guitar)
who support the harmony and rhythm of a jazz
tune

43
Q

Rhythm changes

A

the harmonic progression introduced
in the chorus of Gershwin’s “I Got
Rhythm” (1930) and subsequently borrowed for
hundreds of new tunes

44
Q

refrain

A

a synonym for the repetitive chorus in a
verse-chorus form or the recurring “A” section
in a rondo form

45
Q

recitative

A

a speech-like singing style, usually sung
in a free rhythm by the vocalist who is lightly
supported by only a few accompanying instruments;
composers use this style of singing to
propel the story forward quickly

46
Q

quintet

A

an ensemble of five musicians

47
Q

quintal harmony

A

a chord built with intervals that
are a fifth apart rather than the customary tertian
harmony, built on intervals of a third

48
Q

quartal harmony

A

a chord built with intervals that
are a fourth apart rather than the customary
tertian harmony, built on intervals of a third

49
Q

Pulitzer Prizes

A

annual prizes that reward achievement

in journalism, literature, and musical composition

50
Q

property

A

a pre-existing source, such as a novel,
movie, or play, that inspires a Broadway show;
shows that are not based on earlier material are called “original”

51
Q

program

A

(1) a printed guide to the repertory to be
performed at a concert, often with explanatory
comments; (2) a storyline or concept that is illustrated
without words in instrumental music;
the adjective is programmatic

52
Q

prepared piano

A

– a piano that has had its tone color
modified by various objects inserted into the
strings

53
Q

polychord

A

bichord

54
Q

plagal cadence

A

a concluding harmonic progression
that moves from the subdominant (IV)
chord to the tonic (I) chord

55
Q

Phonofilm

A

– one of the earliest technologies to develop
sound-on-film playback, invented by Lee
de Forest

56
Q

Petrillo Ban

A

a decision by the American Federation
of Musicians, led by James Caesar Petrillo,
to ban instrumentalists from recording new
pieces starting August 1, 1942, until record
companies agreed to pay royalties for their performances

57
Q

OWI (Office of War Information)

A

an agency established
during World War II to oversee U.S.
government information and propaganda efforts

58
Q

original score (also, custom score)

A

music that is

newly composed for a particular film

59
Q

orchestration

A

the assigning of instruments to
various layers of the musical score (melody, accompaniment,
etc.)

60
Q

operetta

A

a stage genre usually featuring skilled

singers, ballroom dancing, and a fanciful plot

61
Q

obbligato

A

a term for a fairly prominent countermelody

62
Q

nationalism

A

a style that celebrates the culture or

characteristics of a country in art or music

63
Q

mute

A

a device that quiets or muffles an instrument’s
sound in some way (Italians use the word
sordino)

64
Q

halo of strings

A

in film scoring, the use of quiet,
high-pitched strings to accentuate a moment in
a scene

65
Q

harmonic

A

an amplified partial of the overtone
series, produced in different ways by different
types of instruments (for example, string instruments
use a light touch at certain points on a
string; flute players generate harmonics by overblowing)

66
Q

head arrangement

A

an unwritten plan for a jazz
performance, discussed by the musicians and
then played “from their heads”; the technique
relies heavily on riffs to fill out the texture

67
Q

integrated

A

a designation for a show whose songs
are specifically suited for the situation in which
they’re sung or for the character who sings
them

68
Q

inversion

A

a melody that follows a reversed contour
in comparison to a different melody, rising
where the other melody drops, and descending
where the other melody climbs

69
Q

melismatic

A

– a method of setting text to music in
which a single syllable is flexed over a series of
different pitches

70
Q

mickey-mousing

A

film (or television) music that
parallels every gesture of the action, usually for
comic effect; the term is sometimes used in a
derogatory way

71
Q

microphone boom

A

a long pole that suspends a
microphone over a set, increasing the flexibility
of the microphone during filming

72
Q

Modernism

A

an artistic trend of the twentieth
century that prized innovation above anything
else, rejecting past practices

73
Q

Movietone

A

the most successful early sound-onfilm

technology, developed by Fox Studios

74
Q

musical comedy

A

– a comic genre usually presented
in modern costume with popular tunes and
dances

75
Q

musical scene

A

– a portion of a show in which the

characters alternate between singing and speaking

76
Q

musical (theater)

A

a genre label for dramatic works
with songs that are integrated into the storyline,
using more popular styles of music rather than
operatic

77
Q

Guggenheim Fellowship

A

an award from the John
Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation to
support individuals who have demonstrated
exceptional capacity for scholarship or creative
ability in the arts and sciences

78
Q

glissando

A

a rapid sweeping motion up or down a
scale, resembling the way harpists strum up and
down adjacent strings

79
Q

Geneva Conventions –

A

a set of treaties and protocols
that govern humane behavior in the time
of war

80
Q

free tonality

A

a use of harmony in which commonpractice
chords are employed, but the tonic at
the end of a work may not be the same tonic that
introduced the piece

81
Q

formalism

A

a focus on abstract music that gives
intellectual pleasure (as opposed to music designed
to appeal to the emotions

82
Q

flugelhorn

A

a brass instrument that is lower in pitch

than a trumpet and higher than a trombone

83
Q

fermata

A

– an indication for musicians to sustain a
note (or a rest) longer than its notated duration,
briefly stopping the forward momentum of the
piece

84
Q

fall

A

– a downward slide or droop from a pitch

85
Q

Expressionism

A

– a style of visual art, literature, and
music of the twentieth-century that expresses
the artist’s inner feelings about the (often disturbing)
subject matter through distortion and
exaggeration; musical expressionism usually
conveys a sense of uneasiness through dissonance
and other unsettled musical elements.

86
Q

episode

A

contrasting material that occurs in between

statements of the refrain of a rondo form

87
Q

dissonant counterpoint –

A

– a modernist musical texture
in which two or more lines of music clash
consistently with each other

88
Q

custom score

A

original score

89
Q

crooning

A

a popular singing style that capitalized
on sensitive microphones, in which a singer
(crooner) vocalizes with a warm, resonant tone
and very clear diction

90
Q

country blues –

A

a style that uses the twelve-bar blues structure and customarily features a male
singer in informal situations (bars, dances, etc.),
playing guitar, improvising his text, and using
great rhythmic flexibility

91
Q

countermelody

A

a melody that is juxtaposed against
another melody, producing counterpoint, a texture
that can also be called non-imitative polyphony

92
Q

concerto

A

an instrumental genre that juxtaposes an
orchestra against (most often) a soloist, or possibly
a small group of soloists

93
Q

combo

A

a small jazz or blues ensemble

94
Q

classic blues

A

a style that uses the twelve-bar-blues
structure and customarily features a female singer
in concert situations, performing pre-planned
material with the support of an accompanist or
small ensemble

95
Q

chorus

A

– in jazz and musical theater, this describes
one complete statement of the main melody (or
of the chords that support that melody

96
Q

Chart Line

A

debuting in 1936, this was the first
of the popularity charts issued by The Billboard
magazine, tracking the success of various styles
of music

97
Q

character piece

A

a piano genre that grew in popularity
in the Romantic era; it is a small-scale
work that portrays a particular image or mood,
usually suggested by the title

98
Q

cantata

A

a vocal work with accompaniment; some
cantatas feature just one singer, some use a small
ensemble, and some employ a chorus; the accompaniment
can range from a small chamber
group to a full orchestra

99
Q

call-and-response

A

a performance technique in
which a soloist or small group presents a short
motif, and a larger group echoes or answers with
contrasting material

100
Q

cadenza

A

a section during a solo concerto in which
the unaccompanied soloist is featured while the
orchestra stops playing; the soloist often improvises
the virtuosic material that is performed

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