E2: Head, neck, dental Flashcards by Sarah Sabler

Which drug is counterindicated in patients with head trauma?

Ketamine

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Which muscle do you dissect through after incising the skin for a tracheostomy?

Sternothyrohyoid muscle

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Why is it more difficult to cut through the tracheal rings in older horses?

The rings calcify

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What’s going on with this eye?

Hyphema

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Which term describes a radiographic contrast evaluation of the nasolacrimal duct?

Dacryocysto-Rhinography

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Where is the nasal punctum of the nasolacrimal duct?

In the nose at the division between the pigmented and non-pigmented mucosa

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What can be used to assist in drainging the maxillary sinus?

Foley catheter

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What term described swelling of the conjunctiva?

Chemosis

May prevent evaluation of the eye

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What is fractured? What are some repair options?

Incisive region

Cerlage wire

Cerclage + external fixator (plate)

Tension band technique (interdental space) Interframentary compression

Tension band cerclage + dental acrylic (PMMA) Thermal reaction

Cerclage + lag screw

External fixator + tension band (old AX tubes filled w/PMMA)

External fixator

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Why should implants (screws, pins, plates) not be reused? Can the bars and clamps be reused?

Microfractures

Can reuse clamps and bars

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Why do vertical ramus fractures not need surgical repair unless they are displaced?

Masseter muscle holds it in place

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Order these from strongest to weakest:

External fixator

DCP plate

Tension band + External fixator

Tension band + PMMS

DCP plate - strongest

Tension band + PMMS

Tension band + External fixator

External fixator - weakest

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What type of system is this?

Pinless externa fixator system

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What is this condition called? How is it treated?

Parrot mouth

Overbite

Place external fixator (Type II) on either side

Perform osteotomy

Use distraction screw to lengthen mandible 1 turn = 1mm

Lengthen 1mm per day

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What type of fracture can occur due ot lightning strike?

Neck fractures

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T/F: Myelograms under GA may increase deficits caused by neck fractures.

True

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What finding on a myelogram indicates a clinically relevant compressive lesion?

Dorsal AND ventral narrowing of the contrast columns at the same level

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Which of the following statements is false?

a. The so-called domino-effect can be important cranial and/or caudal to a (semi) fused intervertebral articulation.

b. Severity of neurological signs is the result of the degree
and rate of compression of nervous tissue.

c. The complex occipitoatlantoaxial region is quite
susceptible to trauma resulting in spinal cord
injury with no or little plain radiographic evidence.

d. The degree and rate of compression of nervous tissue does not correlate with the severity of neurological signs.

e. Many vertebral lesions are poorly identified with only
one plane of imaging.

d. The degree and rate of compression of nervous tissue does not correlate with the severity of neurological signs.

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What is the correct term for the Hockeneyed term “facet”?

Articular process

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What is the correct term for the Hockeneyed term “instability”?

Angular deviation or fixation

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What is the correct term for the Hockeneyed term “dorsiflexion” and “ventroflexion”?

Extension of vertebral column = Lordosis

Flexion of vertebral column= Kyphosis

The Hockeneyed terms are appropriate for joint movement not vertebral column

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Which of these is NOT common in horses with dental disease?

History of:

a. Weight loss
b. Constipation
c. Head shaking
d. Cribbing
e. Poor perfmorance
f. Lameness

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d. Cribbing

What is the border between the 4th premolars and first molars?

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Rostral edge of the facial crest

T/F: In horses, the mandible is more narrow than the maxilla.

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True

What is the Curve of Spee?

The line that the molars makes - they are not completely flat but rather sloap up caudally

Are foals born with incisors?

When does the first incisor in a foal appear? The second? The third?

6 days 6 weeks 6 months

When are the first incisors repalced by adult teeth? Second? Third?

2. 5 years 3. 5 years 4. 5 years

How deep is each incisor cup? When do the cups disappear in the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd incisor?

6mm *2mm worn per year* 6 years 7 years 8 years

Are horses born with premolars? If yes, how many?

Yes Always PM2, PM3, and PM4; somtimes PM1

When does the first adult premolar (PM2) come in? PM3? PM4?

2 years 3 years 4 years

Are foals born with molars?

No ## Footnote *No baby molars*

When does the first adult molar erupt? 2nd? 3rd?

1 year 2 years 3 years

How often is a dental exam recommended in a healthy horse?

Once per year

T/F: Maxillary enamel points commonly cause lingual ulceration when they become sharp.

False, buccal ulceration Mandibular cause lingual erosions

When do the deciduous premolars normally erupt in horses? a. At birth or shoftly after b. 2 years c. 3 years d. 4 years

a. At birth or shoftly after

The difference in width between the upper and lower jaws is called a. isognathia b. brachygnathia c. prognathia d. anisognathia

d. anisognathia

Brachygnathia is also known as a. sow mouth b. monkey mouth c. parrot mouth d. none of the above

c. parrot mouth

Retained deciduous incisors a. may be associated with discomfort b. cause caudal displacement of the erupting permanent incisors c. can be removed in a standing patient d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Canine teeth a. are usually problematic in mares and should be removed b. may irritate the eruption site c. are synonymous with wolf teeth d. none of the above

b. may irritate the eruption site

How old is this horse? a. About 1 year old b. About 2 years old c. About 3 years old d. About 4 years old

c. About 3 years old ## Footnote *M3 about to erupt*

Which cheek tooth is the last to be replaced by an adult tooth?

PM 4 | (At 4 years)

In regards to cheek teeth, sharp dental points and overgrowths a. may traumatize the cheeks or tongue b. may have been associated with bitting problems c. require floating d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Deciduous premolar caps a. may cause discomfort b. do not occur in filles and mares c. are also known as wolf teeth d. none of the above

a. may cause discomfort

Eruption cysts a. are not detectable with radiography b. are associated with eruption of permanent premolars c. do not occur on the maxilla d. all of the above

b. are associated with eruption of permanent premolars * Not as noticable on maxilla due to overlying soft tissue; regress over 1-2 years*

Wolf teeth may a. cause pain due to bit contact b. not be present in all of the dental arcades c. do not erupt d. all of the above

b. not be present in all of the dental arcades ## Footnote *Horse can have 0-4 wolf teeth*

In regard to dental examination a. wetting the hands and instruments can reduce irritation to the horse's mouth b. wearing examination gloves helps minimize contamination of the clinician's skin c. a bright light source facilitates most procedures d. all of the above

d. all of the above

What are these?