Final: Gilbert 2 (Female)

Question 1

Why is estrogenic feed a risk factor for cervicovaginal prolapse?

Answer 1

Estrogen contributes to the relaxation of pelvic ligaments

Question 2

Which breeds are predisposed to cervicovaginal prolapse?

Answer 2

Hereford

Brahman

Romney

Question 3

Where does a cervicovaginal prolapse start?

Answer 3

Caudoventral vagina just cranial to urethra/vestibulovaginal junction

Question 4

T/F: Cervicovagial prolapse is completely different from uterine prolapse. Uterine prolapse is primarily due to a flaccid uterus.

Answer 4

True

Question 5

What should be used to reduce the swelling when replacing a vaginal prolapse?

Answer 5

Glycerol

Question 6

What is a Gorlach needle?

Answer 6

Buhner needle

Question 7

When performing a Buhner suture, the incision is made _____ to ____ to the vulva in midline through the _____ and _____.

Answer 7

When performing a Buhner suture, the incision is made DORSAL to VENTRAL to the vulva in midline through the SKIN and SUBCUTIS.

Question 8

What should you NEVER include in your Buhner suture?

Answer 8

The vulva

Question 9

What are the 2 options for permanently reducing a vaginal prolapse?

Answer 9

Vaginopexy (Minchev/ ‘Through and Through’)

Cervicopexy (Winkler)

Question 10

Why does ultra short tail docking predispose to vaginal prolapse?

Answer 10

Damages coccygeal muscles which support the caudal pelvis

Question 11

T/F: An ewe can give birth with a vaginal prolapse retainer in place.

Answer 11

True

Question 12

T/F: In both sheep and cattle, genetics plays a role in cervicovaginal prolapse.

Answer 12

True

Question 13

T/F: Hypocalcemia is a factor in the pathogenesis of cervicovaginal prolapse.

Answer 13

False, factor in uterine prolapse

Question 14

T/F: Cows with mild vaginal prolapse can calve normally.

Answer 14

True

Question 15

T/F: Growth-promoting implants containing hormones can precipitate cervicovaginal prolapse in sheep.

Answer 15

True

Question 16

T/F: Cervicovaginal prolapse can be prevented by suturing vulvar lips together.

Answer 16

False

Question 17

What is the preferred approch for c-section in cows?

Answer 17

Left sided standingparalumbar fossaceilotomy

Question 18

T/F: Suture pattern for closing the uterus is a major factor affecting subsequent fertility in cows.

Answer 18

True

Question 19

Why is the left side preferred for standing c-section?

Answer 19

Rumen keeps the guts out of the way

Question 20

What approach for c-section is best for an oversized or emphysematous fetus?

Answer 20

Ventrolateral

Question 21

The skin incision for a ventrolateral celiotomy parallels which vessel?

Answer 21

Superficial mammary vein

Mark vein with inelible pen while cow is standing so you can see it when she’s down

Question 22

The left ventrolateral approach for bovine c-section is most useful in

a. Twins
b. Abnormal fetus (Shistosoma)
c. Emphysematous fetus
d. Cases when there is little or no assistance available

Answer 22

c. Emphysematous fetus

Maybe twins too

Question 23

In which horn do most cows carry a pregnancy?

Answer 23

Right

Question 24

T/F: Exteriorization of the uterus during c-section in cows influences cow survival

Answer 24

True, better if exteriorize

Question 25

Which suture pattern for the closure of the uterus is associated with improved reproductive outsome? Why?

Answer 25

Utrecht No suture material is exposed (so omentum cannot stick to it)

Question 26

What are these?

Answer 26

Uterine Ponse forceps

Question 27

What should never be given to a cow before the placenta is expelled?

Answer 27

Banamine (anti-inflammatories) ## Footnote *Inhibit WBCs which are needed to detach the placenta*

Question 28

Why do cows with a retained placenta have increase risk for mastitis?

Answer 28

Causes an overall impairement of neutrophils

Question 29

What type of local anesthesia is indicated for a c-section?

Answer 29

Paravertebral nerve block ## Footnote * Blocking T13, L1, and L2* * T-13 at tip of L1 vert, L1 at tip of L2 vert, L2 at the tip of L4 vert*

Question 30

What is the additional indication for c-section in small ruminants that is not applicable in cows?

Answer 30

Pregnancy ketosis ## Footnote *Fat ewe with twins/triplets*

Question 31

Why is c-section in pigs relatively easy?

Answer 31

Lumbosacral epidural is simple

Question 32

Why is ventral midline approach not ideal for pig c-sections?

Answer 32

Piglets chew on sutures

Question 33

What is the main indication for c-section in camelids?

Answer 33

Uterine torsion ## Footnote *Which is common*

Question 34

What must you do when closing the uterus of a horse that is not necessary in other species?

Answer 34

Continuous (whip) suture around the uterine margin to decrease bleeding (which is profuse in horses.

Question 35

T/F: A major difference between cows and horses is the propensity for the uterus to bleed during c-section.

Answer 35

True