Final: Gilbert (Male)

Question 1

Where to the retractor penis muscles attach in a bull?

Answer 1

Ventral surface of the penis

Distal to the second loop of the sigmoid flexure

Question 2

What does the deep artery supply?

Answer 2

Corpus cavernosum

Question 3

T/F: The blood supply to the corpus spongiosum and the superficial surfaces of the penis does not communicate with the blood supply to the corpus cavernosum in the bull.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

What nerve innervates the tip of the penis in the bull? What is the parent nerve?

Answer 4

Dorsal nerve

Dorsal branch of the pudendal nerve

Divides when reaches head of penis

Question 5

What structure allows the tip of a bulls penis to curl into a spiral upon ejaculation?

Answer 5

Apical ligament

Question 6

T/F: Manual extension of the penis can only be done in castrated adult bulls.

Answer 6

False, only in young bulls

Question 7

What nerve may be blocked to allow for insepection of the penis?

Answer 7

Pudendal nerve

Question 8

Why may a farmer want to wait until the bull is older to castrate him?

Answer 8

Better growth

Question 9

Integrity of the dorsal nerve of the penis is essential for:

a. Erection
b. Ejaculation
c. Intromission
d. Urination
e. A and B
f. B and C
g. A and D

Answer 9

f. B and C

Question 10

What’s this?

Answer 10

Callicrate

Elastrator on roids

Question 11

Why are preputial orfice ulcers more commonly seen in show bulls?

Answer 11

High protein diet = High urea

Hair around orifice clipped short (aesthetics) = Urine accumulation

Question 12

How are umcomplicated decubital ulcers managed in rams?

Answer 12

Surgical excision

Question 13

What part of the penis prolapses?

Answer 13

Lamina interna

Question 14

When repairing preputial stenosis (cicatrix), how can post-op scar tissue formation be minimized?

Answer 14

Make angled, oval, or zig-zag incision

Question 15

How is minor cicatrix repaired? (incision and suture)

Answer 15

Longitdinal incision

Suture transversely

Question 16

Which AI injury typically occurs shortly after return from a bull’s “lay-off” period? How can it be avoided?

Answer 16

Preputial avulsion (penile laceration)

Make the artifical vagina a few degrees cooler (so he mounts less enthusiastically)

Question 17

Prolpase of the prepuce is mainly a oroblem of

a. Bos taurus bulls
b. Bos indicus bulls
c. Beef bulls
d. Dairy bulls
e. A and C
f. B and C
g. A and D
h. B and D

Answer 17

f. B and C

Bos taurus polled breeds also get it (Hereford, Angus)

Question 18

T/F: Preputial avulsion is almost exclusively a problem of bulls in artifical insemination studs

Answer 18

True

Question 19

When does preputial separation normally occur in bulls?

Answer 19

Complete by 9 months (usually)

Question 20

What is the condition called in which there is an area of incomplete attachment between the lamina interna and the shaft of the penis?

Answer 20

Persistent frenulum

Question 21

What nerves can be blocked for reparing a persistent frenulum?

Answer 21

Pudendal (x2)

Dorsal

Question 22

What is this lesion? What is the typical signalment? How can it be prevented?

Answer 22

Penile fibropapilloma (BPV-1)

Young bulls kept in groups

Give BPV-4 or 2 (skin papillomatosis) vaccine for cross-protection

Question 23

What breed of bull is this and what condition does he have?

Answer 23

Sussex

Spiral/cork-screw penis

Question 24

What surgery can be done to correct a rainbow penis (penis that bends down when erect)?

Answer 24

Fascia latta transplant

Stips parallel to eachother around the penis

Question 25

Penile anesthesia may be achieved in bulls by: A. Dorsal nerve block B. Pudendal nerve block C. Epidural block D. Superficial inguinal nerve block E. A and B F. B and C G. A and D

Answer 25

E. A and B

Question 26

What causes erection failure? What can be done to confirm this condition?

Answer 26

"Leakage" of corpus cavernosum Contrast cavernosography

Question 27

What is the prediliction site for penile hematoma formation in bulls?

Answer 27

Distal part of sigmoid flexure - dorsal or dorsolateral

Question 28

What is the limit in penile hematoma size for conservative management?

Answer 28

15cm

Question 29

What are common complications with penile hematomas?

Answer 29

Abscess formation Long term inflammation causes fibrosis of connective tissue causing layers to stick to eachother

Question 30

The site at which penile hematoma occurs in bulls is usually a. Dorsolateral b. Ventral c. Near the tip of the penis d. Proximal to the sigmoid flexure

Answer 30

a. Dorsolateral ## Footnote *Distal to sigmoid*

Question 31

What is the prognosis for a young bull with vesiculitis?

Answer 31

Good ## Footnote *Recover spontaneously*

Question 32

What is the prognosis for a old bull with vesiculitis? Treatment?

Answer 32

Poor Vesiculectomy

Question 33

Involvement of what other structure in a bull with vesciculitis makes him a poor candidate for vesiculectomy?

Answer 33

Ampullae

Question 34

Where is the most common site for cryptorchidism in bulls?

Answer 34

Next to the penis

Question 35

A rectal tear is a potentially catastrophic event in \_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 35

Horses

Question 36

What is the most common cause of rectal tears in horses? a. Fingers penetrating the mucosa on rectal palpation b. Strainging/peristalsis against the arm/hand on rectal palpation c. Spontaneous d. Tenesmus

Answer 36

b. Strainging/peristalsis against the arm/hand on rectal palpation

Question 37

T/F: Most rectal tears occur ventrally.

Answer 37

False, dorsally

Question 38

A small dose (60mg) of _____ can be used to help prevent rectal tears.

Answer 38

Buscopan (Butylscopolamine)

Question 39

When can spontaneous rectal tears occur in mare?

Answer 39

Post-foaling ## Footnote * Pressure of baby against pelvis crushes the rectum and tears it against the brim of the pelvis* * Think rectal tear if mare develops acute extreme colic post-partum*

Question 40

What can you give to stop rectal contractions?

Answer 40

Epidural Xylazine Butorphanol Buscopan Lidocaine enema or gel

Question 41

What are the grades of rectal tears?

Answer 41

I II IIIa IIIb IV

Question 42

What can be done to prevent aspiration of foreign material into the body via a rectal tear?

Answer 42

Keep horse standing

Question 43

Most rectal tears associated with transrectal palpation in horses are a. Ventral b. Dorsal c. Any location

Answer 43

b. Dorsal

Question 44

What are the 3 options for surgical repair of a rectal tear?

Answer 44

Direct suture repair Temporary indwelling rectal liner Loop colostomy

Question 45

A temporary indwelling rectal liner should be secured _____ to the tear.

Answer 45

Oral/ upstream

Question 46

How is cranial movement of an indwelling rectal sleeve prevented?

Answer 46

Cross tie

Question 47

Why is a loop-colostomy preferred to an end-colostomy?

Answer 47

Easier to reverse

Question 48

While palpating a valuable broodmare for diagnosis of pregnancy you feel a slight "give" in the rectum above your hand. There is a small amount of blood on your hand. Careful digitl exploration reveals a 2cm dorsal partial thickness tear. You advise the owner to: A. Destroy the mare immediately before she suffers B. Cross tie the mare, administer banamine and antibiotics, watch carefully C. Send the mare immediately for surgery at a referral clinic D. Turn mare out in a large pasture

Answer 48

B. Cross tie the mare, administer banamine and antibiotics, watch carefully

Question 49

Cellulitis, abscess, toxemia, lamiitis, intestinal adhesions, stricture, diverticulum and fistula formation are all possible consequences of which grades of rectal tears?

Answer 49

III and IV

Question 50

Which type of rectal prolapse (I-IV) involves all layers of the rectum?

Answer 50

II | (two)

Question 51

Which types of rectal prolapse are most common?

Answer 51

I and II | (one and two)

Question 52

Upon palpating a sheep with a rectal prolapse you feel a depression or "trench" around the prolapsing small colon. What type of prolapse is this?

Answer 52

Type IV

Question 53

What can be done in addition to replacement of a rectal prolapse and purse string suture to increase fibrosis?

Answer 53

Perirectal injections of iodine

Question 54

What can be given to decrease the swelling of a rectal prolapse

Answer 54

Hypertonic saline ## Footnote **Glycerol** *Gilbert likes glycerol for all kinds of prolapses, highly hydroscopic*

Question 55

Which technique of amputation post rectal prolapse reduces the risk of stricture formation?

Answer 55

Stair step amputation

Question 56

T/F: Rectal prolapse in a sheep always requires amputation of at least come portion of rectum.

Answer 56

False