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E2.2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Types of Microbial nutrition

A

Nutrition
Essential Nutrient
Macronutrient
Micronutrient
Inorganic Nutrient
Organic Nutrient

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2
Q

Nutrition

A

process of acquiring nutrients from environment/using them for metabolism and growth

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3
Q

Essential Nutrients

A

cnt synth. it on its own and obtaine it from environment
Ej–>N, O , H, P ,S

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4
Q

Essential Nutrient sources that is req. for metabolism and growth

A

Carbon
-Hetertrophs=organic
-Autotrophs=use inorganic C (CO2)–> create organic cabon compound
E
-Photo=Use light as an E.
-Chemo=Use chemical E.

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5
Q

MacroNutrients

A

Lrg amount of C, H, and O
Primary roles in cell structure and metabolism

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6
Q

Micronutrients

A

“Trace elements”=Mn, Z, Ni, Co, Cu,
help w/ enzymes function and maintenance of protein structure

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7
Q

Inorganic Nutrients

A

Simple Molec. composed of atoms that are not C and H
Ej=metals, salts, gases, H2O and NaCl
Some microbes cn live on inorganic substances

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8
Q

Organic Nutrients

A

Contains C and H
-product of other living things
-methane, Carb, lipids, proteins, NA,

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9
Q

Microbial cytoplasm

A

Inorganic H2O(70%)
Macromolec/organic=protein, NA, carb, lipid
Organic molec.=Most of dry weight
96% of cell is composed of C, H, O, N, P, S (macronutrients)

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10
Q

Carbon(source of nutrients)

A

Hetertrophs(other feeders)=need organic carbon source
- Protein, Carb, lipids, Na
-Depend on other life forms
Autotrophs(self-feeders)=need inorganic molec.(CO2)–>organic carbon source
-not nutritionally dependent
-ej=palnt/green algae, photosynth. bact.
:uses Co2 for atm AND create surgare which allow heterotrophs eat plant (get sugar, protein etc.)

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11
Q

Nitrogen(sources of nutrients)

A

Create AA and proteins
Obtain N from
-N2 gas(atm), ammonium ion (NH4+), Nitrates(NO3-), Nitrites(NO4-)
Nitrogen fixation=microbes fix N2 into organic compounds like nitrates or ammonia
-cn be used by others organisms to build AA and protein

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12
Q

Oxygen (source of nutrients)

A

Used for cell resp. and redox rxn

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13
Q

Hydrogen (source of nutrients)

A

Maintains pH and from H-bonds b/w molce. (help keep molec. intake DNA) etc.

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14
Q

Phosphorous/phosphate(source of nutrients)

A

Come from NA, phospholipids, ATP, coenzymes, (build molec.)
Some bact. cn get phosphate from inorganic sources
-rocks, oceanic material, mineral deposits

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15
Q

Sulfur (source of nutrients)

A

Used for AA and vitamine B1 synth.
Sources=Sulfates(SO42-), rocks, sediments, H2S and some AA

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16
Q

Miscellaneous Nutrients Types

A

Mineral Ion(inorganic)
Trace elements
Growth factors

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17
Q

Mineral ions/inorganics(miscellaneous Nutrients)

A

K+=proteins synth. and memb. function
Na+=give E for cell transport
Ca2+=stabilizes the cell wall and endospores formation
Mg2+=used to make chlorophyll and need for memb./ribosomes
Z=DNA reg.

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18
Q

Trace elements(miscellaneous nutrients)

A

Encourge bact. growth (other types of metal ions cn be toxic to bact.)
Inorganic

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19
Q

GF(miscellaneous nutrients)

A

Essential organic compound(organism cnt make these)
-organic(coenzymes) and inorganic(cofactors)
Obtained from the environment
Vitamine, AA(essential), NA

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20
Q

Autotrophs types

A

Photoautotrophs (plant/algae cyanobacteria)
-light E–>converted to chem. E
-Inorganic C(CO2) –>Organic C(sugar)
-primary producers(algae, plants, cyanobacteria)
:basis of food webs (also w/ O2)
Chemoautotrophs=Chemical E(cn be organic or inorganic)
-Inorganic C(CO2)
-ej=bact.(methanogens) and archaea(lithoautotrophs-deep sea vents)

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21
Q

Heterotrophs

A

Photohetertrophs=purple and green photosynthetic bacteria
-light E w/ organic C.
-dnt make O2 as a waste product
Chemoheterotrophs (animals)
-Majority of heterotrophs
-Gluc.(mc)
-organic=dead source(decomposers)
:Saprobes=feed on dead organic matter (plant litter, dead animal/microbes)
*Important to the environment
*bact. and fungi
-inorganic=live source
:Parasite=beinfits by harming their prey
*Parasites=pathogens (damage tissue, causes dis.)
*Viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, worms

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22
Q

Transport mech.

A

Osomosis
Passive transport
Active Transport
Endocytosis

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23
Q

Osmosis

A

H2O moves from highter–>lower conc. across the semipermeable memb.
Aq. sln=H2O(solvent) and dissolved solid(solute)

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24
Q

Types of H2o movement

A

Isotontic=same conc. from in/outside the cells
Hypotonic=cell might burst
-less H2O inside the cell than out
-causes H2O to rush in
Hypertonic=cell might shrink
-More H2O in than outside the cell
-Causes the H2O to rush out

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25
Cells in a hypotonic sln.
H2O goes into cell Cell=swollen/turgid and lyse Intact cell walls help protect against lysisi from osmotic P.
26
Cells in Hypertonic sln
H2O goes out of cell Cell shrink/plasmolyses Halophilic bacteria=lives in High salt contact
27
Passive Transport (diffusion)
Dnt use E to move ions dwn conc. Simple diffusion=high to lower conc. until @ equilb. -O2, CO2 and other gases -small non-polar/lipid molec. Facilitated diffusion (no E)=uses a carrier to help move bact. -protein=specificity -competition -Saturation
28
Active transport
Moves against conc. gradient Needs ATP and carrier prot. -uses monosach., AA, phosphate, metal ions Na/K ATP
29
Endocytosis (bulk transport)
Bulk transport of lrg moelc., particles/liq. across memb. Substances are taken in but not through memb. Need E Types -Phagocytosis=takes in solid particles :cell memb. extends/engulfs particles :particles goes into a vacuole :ej=amoebas, MAC, WBCs -Pinocytosis=takes in liq. :oils/molec. in sln enter through pinocytosis :projections from the memb. called microbillie surround the fluid :bring it into the cell in vesicles
30
Environmental factors
Temp. Gas, pH Osomotic P. Other environment factors Microbial assoc.
31
Temperature(environmental factors)
Psycrophile(0-15C) Psychrotrophs(20-30C) Mesophile(20-40C) Thermophile(45-80C) Hyperthermophiles(80C)
32
psychrophiles
Ice microbes -oceans, arctic ice, snowfields Ej=photosynthetic red snow organism (algae)
33
Psychrotrophs
W/in fridge and make food spoil Ej=listeria monocytogenes=food born pathogen Cn grow in human/assoc. in milk (unpasturized) -even juice
34
Mesophiles
MC type of microbe -cause food to spoilage W/in animal, temp., tropical/subtropical soil and H2O Cause human dis. Thermodurics=cn w/stand sjort burst of high temp. -spoil food and cause dis. -high R cyst and endospores
35
Thermophiles
Hot H2O, sunny soil, hot springs and compost piles ej=legionella pneumohilia (resp. infection)
36
Hyperthermophiles
Volcanic hot springs, deep sea hydrothermal vents Sulfur bact. Highest temp. for growth(80-120C) -DNA cn grow here Enzymes used for biotechnology -when eart was 1st here and very hot and these r around archae
37
Gases that influence microbial growth
O2 -resp. -oxidizing agent (forms of oxygen that are toxic -->H2O) CO2
38
Oxidizing agent
Singlet O2=highly reactive/E -O w/ 2 unpaired electrons -need enzyme for nutralization (superoxide dismutase) Superoxide=highly toxic -strips electrons from molec. -superoxide dismutase (SOD) -->O2 and peroxide :strong oxidizer and strip electron molec. -all organisms grow in air need SOD Hydrogen peroxide (H2o2)=highly toxic -Catalase=convert hydrogen peroxide-->H2O and O2 -peroxidase=converts H2O2-->H2O Hydroxyl radicals=most reactive form -most reactive form -formed by ionizing radiation -cells die or cause cancer
39
Five Categories of bacteria
Obligate aerobe Facultative anaerobe Obligate anaerobe Aerotolerant Anaerobes Microaerophiles
40
Obligate Aerobes
Have SOD and catalase(neutralize toxic O2) Ej=fungi, protozoa, bacteria
41
Facultative anaerobes
Use O2, if present Cn switch to anaerobic respiration/fermentation if no O2 is present Have SOD and catalase Gram neg.
42
Obligate anaerobes
Cnt use O2 Poisoned by O2 (C. diff.-botulims, tetini) Dnt produce SOD/catalase -w/in deep muds, lakes, ocean, oral cavity, intestines (O2 free)
43
Aerotolerant anaerobe
cn tolerate O2 -used for growth Anerobic pathway for E creation Dnt use O2 but wont kill bact. Have some type of enzymes to tolerate O2
44
Microaerophile
Want small amounts Does Aerobic resp. but dnt have enough of enzymes Only grows in the middle of tube so the bacteria cn keep up and get ride of radicals
45
Reducing media
Contain ingredients that chemically combine w/ O2 in the media -thioglycallate broth -Binds/removes O2 for removal -find out the metabolism/enzyme it has to exist O2 -Define aerobic vs. anerobic bact. Contain O2 indicator (resazurin/methylene blue) -No O2=petri dish changes color
46
pH(environmental)
Cells grow best b/w pH 6-8 except -acidophiles (pH=0) -alkalinophiles (pH 10) Molds and yeast tolerate moderate acid pH=spoil acid-preserved foods
47
Anaerobic jar
Culture plates Chemical packet and H2o -->O2 is consumed -H and CO2 r produced Jar is tightly sealed O2 indicator strip
48
Capnophiles
Need high conc. of CO2 -candle jars/bags -Incubate @ increase conc. Co2 ej=Neisseria=gonorrhoea, mningitis Streptococcus(pneumoniae), brucella(causes undulant fever or brucellosis)
49
pH
best range
50
Osmotic P. (environment factors)
Cells require H2O -nutrients are obtained in sln -Cells r about 80-90% Halophiles (high salts) -W/stand hypertonic condition -halobacterium
51
Miscellaneous Environment factor
Pigments=protect against damaging effects of light or UV radiation -radiation=spores/pigment cn help w/stand UV or infrared Barophiles=deep sea micfrobes -adapted to live under high P. Dehydrated cells=spores/cyst -R dyring out
52
Ecological association Amoung Microorganism
Symbiotic=organisim live in close nutrional relationship -symbiotic relationship=organisims live in close nutrional relationship -non-symbiotic relationship=relationship r not req. for survival
53
symbiotic relationship
Mutualism=both organisims benefit -E. coli produce vitamine K Commensalism parasite=one benifit while doing harm
54
Non-symbiotic
Synergism -mixed infection=gum dis., gas gangrene, dental caries -bacteria and plant roots Antagonism =(competition against microbes) -antibosis=antibiotics/bacteriocines
55
special culture tech.
Growth in live animals=mycobacterium leprae/armadillos Treponema pallidum=syphili spirochte -cnt grow on artifical media Rickettsia, chlamydiae -intracellular bact. grown in live cells culture Viruses=must be grown live cell culture
56
Microbial Growth
Binary Fission Generation Time Growth Curve Enumeration of bacteria
57
Binary Fission (microbial growth)
Bacteria cell division (cells are small w/ 1 chromo) -Parental cell enlarges and duplicates in DNA :chemical sig. from enviro. :cells goes into a productive phase :The circle chromo. (loosely attached to cell memb.) Septum formation divides tthe cells ito2 sep. chamges Complete division=2 IDENT., cells
58
Gneration Time (microbial growth)
Time needed for cell division -AKA doubling time of complete cell division cycle -pop. double w/ each gen. Each gen. time measure the growth rate (depends on bact. type -cn b dn in 1 day or couple minutes Exponential used to define the numbers of bact. growth
59
Growth Curve-phases of growth (microbial growth)
Lag phase=little to no cell division -not metabolic activity incre. for cell division Log Phase(exponenetial growth phase)=grows/logarithmic in numbers -peak reproduction -sensitive to drugs, poisons, radiaiton -best for biochemical test Stationary phase=Metabolic activity shows, -Deaths=new cells -cnt incr. metabolically and decre. nutrients Death phase=cells begin to die and stop growing -dnt happen in natural environments -
60
Ways of measuring microbial growth
Direct and indirect
61
Direct methods(measuring microbial growth)
Plate counts(pour plate/spread plate) -serial dilutions -count small colonies -advg=only count viable cells :growing bact./directly measruing colonies (1 bact=1 cell types) -disadv.=errors in dilutions :takes times for colonies to grow :very technical Direct cell count=directly count bact. cells :ruler counting chamber by multiplying dilution factors :disadv. *counts dead and live cells (error) *hard to count motile bacteria *only good when bact. number are high :adv.=no incubation time *cn be done by electronic instrument *quick Automated devices(PCR)
62
Indirect methods(measuring microbial growth)
Turbidity=spectrophometer -media is truvid -%of light transmitted decre. as bact. number (turbidity incr.) Measure metabolic activity

Mic. (4 decks)

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